Isolation, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility to methicillin resistance Staph.aureus (MRSA) isolated Of milk
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54174/r7ktt254Keywords:
MRSA, Milk products, 16S rRNA gene, Staphylococcus. aureus, staphylococcal food poisoning.Abstract
The present work was undertaken to study the Isolation, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA) in raw milk . Staph.aureus is a gram-positive pathogenic bacterium that can infect humans and animals. It has a high ability to develop resistance to many different antibiotics. In this study, only one isolate from Milk in Baghdad during the period from October 13, 2020, to January 26, 2021 . From all of these specimens, only One isolates showed cultural and biochemical characteristics that are similar to Staph. aureus . The identity of this isolate was further confirmed using specific primers for the Staph. aureus 16S rRNA gene. In addition, the susceptibility of this isolate to eleven antibiotics was studied . The results revealed that Staph. aureus isolate demonstrated high resistance to cefoxitin, penicillin, and ceftazidime . On the other hand, the isolate showed susceptibility to the rest of the eight antibiotics . We also found that there were no antibiotics tested in this study that was able to kill Staph. aureus isolate, and isolate tested in this study was classified as MRSA . These findings suggested that milk represent a potential infection risk threat of multidrug-resistant and toxigenic Staph. aureus in Baghdad due to neglected hygienic practices during production, retail, or storage stages. These findings highlighted the crucial importance of applying more restrictive hygienic measures in dairy production in Baghdad for food safety.
Downloads
References
Al‐Gburi, A., & Mohammed, N. Isolation and molecular identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Providencia spp. from raw Cow’s Milk in Baghdad, Iraq. Veterinary Medicine International. 2020;(6).
2.Al-Khafaji, M. H., Flayyih, M. T., & Sabah, M. A. Methicillin resistance and enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococci isolated from milk and white cheese in Iraq. Iraqi J Sci. . 2014; 55(1), 40-49.
3. Almousawi, A. E., Alhatami, A. O., Neama, N. A., & Baqir, A. M. Characterization and molecular evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry and dairy cattle milk in Iraq. In AIP Conference Proceedings. 2022, January; (Vol. 2386, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
4. Auda, J. M., & Khalifa, M. I. Cloning and expression of a lipase gene from Pseudomonas Aeruginosa into E. Coli. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2019; 50(3), 768-775.
5. Chalob, K. K., & Abdul-Rahman, S. M. Mechanical, barrier and antioxidant properties of edible films made from whey protein isolate incorporated with green tea extract. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2018; 49(4).
6. Hasan, S. K., Al–Hadedee, L. T., & Awda, J. M. Isolation, identification and evaluation of lactic acid bacteria as antibacterial activity. Biochemical and Cellular Archives. 2019; 19(1), 1339-1342.
7. Hassan, Z. A., Jabur, H. A., & Jabbar, R. N. Cloning and expression of laccase gene produced from Bacillus subtilis Zhr in E. coli. The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science. 2018; 49(5), 879.
8. Shakir, K., Walsh, M. K., & Mohammed, S. A. Characterization of Iraqi sheep milk lysozyme with respect to molecular weight and hydrolytic activity. Dairy Science & Technology. 2013; 93, 699-705.
9. Virgin, J. E., Van Slyke, T. M., Lombard, J. E., & Zadoks, R. N. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus detection in US bulk tank milk. Journal of dairy science. 2009; 92(10), 4988-4991.
Ahmed, Z. A., & Yousif, A. A. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical mastitis in lactating ewes. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 35, 121-126.
Ali, T., Basit, A., Karim, A. M., Lee, J. H., Jeon, J. H., Rehman, S. U., & Lee, S. H. Mutation-based antibiotic resistance mechanism in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Pharmaceuticals. 2021; 14(5), 420.
Aras, Z., Aydin, I., & Kav, K. Isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from caprine mastitis cases. Small ruminant research. 2012; 102(1), 68-73.
Asao, T., Kumeda, Y., Kawai, T., Shibata, T., Oda, H., Haruki, K., ... & Kozaki, S. An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning due to low-fat milk in Japan: estimation of enterotoxin A in the incriminated milk and powdered skim milk. Epidemiology and infection. 2003; 130(1), 33.
14. Awad, H. A., Alssirag, M. A., & Alfalahi, D. A. EXTEND THE SHELF LIFE AND IMPROVING SENSORY PROPERTIES OF WHITE SOFT CHEESE BY ADDING CELERY….. LEAVES. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2019; 50(6).
CLSI. M100 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 31 ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2021.
de Lourdes RS da Cunha, M., Calsolari, R. A., & Júnior, J. P. A. (2007). Detection of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 genes in Staphylococcus, with emphasis on coagulase‐negative staphylococci. Microbiology and immunology, 51(4), 381-390.
Ertas, N., Gonulalan, Z., Yildirim, Y., & Kum, E. (2010). Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in sheep cheese and dairy desserts by multiplex PCR technique. International journal of food microbiology, 142(1-2), 74-77.
Fusco, V., Quero, G. M., Morea, M., Blaiotta, G., & Visconti, A. Rapid and reliable identification of Staphylococcus aureus harbouring the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) and quantitative detection in raw milk by real time PCR. International journal of food microbiology. 2011;144(3), 528-537.
Gatta, M. N., & Al-Graibawi, M. A. A. Phenotypic and Genotypic Detection of Biofilm Producing Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Human. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology. 2021; 25(6), 19047-19058.
Ghayyib, A. A., Ahmed, I. A., & Ahmed, H. K. Isolation, Molecular Identification, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates. HIV Nursing. 2022; 22(2), 278-283.
21. Gücükoğlu, A., Çadirci, Ö., Terzi, G., Kevenk, T. O., & Alişarli, M. Determination of enterotoxigenic and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in ice cream. Journal of food science. 2013; 78(5), M738-M741.
Hudzicki, J. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol. American society for microbiology. 2009; 15, 55-63.
23. Jebur, H. A., & Auda, J. M. EVALUTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PARTIAL PURIFIED BACTERIOCIN FROM LOCAL ISOLATE OF BACILLUS LICHENIFORIMS HJ2020 MT192715. 1. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2020; 51(6).
Kadariya, J., Smith, T. C., & Thapaliya, D. Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal food-borne disease: an ongoing challenge in public health. BioMed research international. 2014; (9)
25. Lee, S. H. I., Mangolin, B. L. C., Gonçalves, J. L., Neeff, D. V. D., Silva, M. P. D., Cruz, A. G. D., & Oliveira, C. A. F. D. Biofilm-producing ability of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Brazilian dairy farms. Journal of dairy science. 2014; 97(3), 1812-1816.
Loganathan, A., Manohar, P., Eniyan, K., Jayaraj, R., & Nachimuthu, R. Evaluation of various phenotypic methods with genotypic screening for detection of methicillin-resistant. Asian Biomedicine. 2019;13(6), 225-233.
27. Meyrand, A., Boutrand‐Loei, S., Ray‐Gueniot, S., Mazuy, C., Gaspard, C. E., Jaubert, G., ... & Vernozy‐Rozand, C. Growth and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus during the manufacture and ripening of Camembert‐type cheeses from raw goats’ milk. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 1998; 85(3), 537-544.
Naffa, R. G., Bdour, S. M., Migdadi, H. M., & Shehabi, A. A.. Enterotoxicity and genetic variation among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Jordan. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2006; 55(2), 183-187.
Omoe, K., Hu, D. L., Takahashi-Omoe, H., Nakane, A., & Shinagawa, K. Identification and characterization of a new staphylococcal enterotoxin-related putative toxin encoded by two kinds of plasmids. Infection and immunity. 2003; 71(10), 6088-6094.
Orwin, P. M., Fitzgerald, J. R., Leung, D. Y., Gutierrez, J. A., Bohach, G. A., & Schlievert, P. M. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin L. Infection and immunity. 2003; 71(5), 2916-2919.
Procop, G. W., Church, D. L., Hall, G. S., Janda W. M., Koneman, E. W, Scherckenberger, P.C., Woods, G.L. (2017).Koneman‘s Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology Color. 7th Ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health.
Xue, T., Chen, X., & Shang, F. Effects of lactose and milk on the expression of biofilm-associated genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from a dairy cow with mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science. 2014; 97(10), 6129-6134.
Zakary, E. M., Nassif, M. Z., & Mohammed, G. M. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine milk and its product by real time PCR assay. Global Journal of Biotechnology & Biochemistry. 2011; 6(4), 171-177.
Ahmed, Z. A., & Yousif, A. A. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical mastitis in lactating ewes. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 35, 121-126.
35. Kadhum, H. H., & Abood, Z. H. Staphylococcus aureus Incidence in Some Patients with a Topic Dermatitis in Baghdad City. Iraqi journal of biotechnology. 2022; 21(2), 13-20.
36. Xing, X., Zhang, Y., Wu, Q., Wang, X., Ge, W., & Wu, C. Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goat milk powder processing plants. Food Control. 2016 ; 9, 644-650.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1.png){kind=spacer}
