University of Thi-Qar Journal of agricultural research
University of Thi-Qar Journal of agriculture research is a global, scientific and open access journal. and it is published from the Agriculture and Marshes College/ University of Thi-qar/ Iraq. UTJagr is an open journal that aims to Distribute the all information about the agricultural sciences and all other related sciences to this field around the world.The importance of providing food basket for the global communities and the importance of agricultural science in the development and provision of this basket of food. It is necessary to publish all researches in this aspect to reach those interested in agriculture, so this journal was founded to contribute and transfer of agricultural information.
Agriculture and Marshes College, University of Thi-Qar
The Role of Nutrition in Promoting Physiological Functions and Maintaining General Health
The complex relationship between food and health is rooted in the intricate biological mechanisms at the root of human biology. This review highlights the importance of nutrients, metabolic pathways, and cellular activities in illustrating how food components affect health outcomes, with emphasis on micronutrients and minerals serving as cofactors in homeostasis reactions, while macronutriENTs are digested to provide energy and build tissues. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the importance of dietary patterns in controlling crucial physiological systems such as the cardiovascular, immunological, and endocrine systems. Additional research studies are needed to examine these systems' effects. The consumption of excessive saturated fats and processed carbohydrates is connected to atherosclerosis and insulin resistance, whereas high fiber, antioxidant, and omega-3 fatty acid diets promote vascular health and reduce inflammation. Researchers have investigated how the gut microbiota serves as a link between nutrition and health, impacting metabolism, immune system, and nutrient absorption.' This study examines the connection between nutrient deficiencies and disorders like anemia, osteoporosis, and metabolic syndrome. In addition, the paper highlights how a well-balanced diet can aid in managing bodily functions and prevent illness. The comprehension of these physiological principles is essential for devising effective dietary strategies and public health initiatives that aim to improve overall health outcomes. The objective of this review is to thoroughly investigate the physiological mechanisms behind the link between diet and health.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Study of the Environmental Factors Affecting the Abundance of the Asian Catfish H.1843 Silurus triostegus in the Hammar Marsh
Fish are among the most important organisms in aquatic ecosystems due to their nutritional, economic, and environmental value. This study focused on the impact of environmental factors—including temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen—on the feeding behavior of the Asian catfish (Silurus triostegus) in the Al-Hammar Marsh, Dhi Qar Province, southern Iraq.A total of 60 fish samples were collected over a six-month period (October 2024 to March 2025), with 10 samples per month. Stomach contents were analyzed using the point method. The results showed the highest feeding activity occurred in October and November, where most stomachs were full or half-full (scores of 20 or 10). In contrast, December and January recorded the highest percentage of empty stomachs (score 0), reflecting reduced feeding activity likely due to environmental fluctuations.Biochemical analyses revealed a decrease in protein and fat content in muscle tissues from the beginning to the end of the study: protein decreased from 19% to 16.7%, and fat from 0.13% to 0.07%. Moisture content increased from 76.4% to 80.04%, and ash content from 1.01% to 1.24%. Similar patterns were observed in liver tissues, where protein dropped from 17.6% to 14.18%, and moisture increased from 71.86% to 73.7%.These findings demonstrate that environmental factors directly influence the feeding patterns and nutritional condition of Asian catfish. The study highlights the importance of monitoring aquatic environmental conditions to support fish health, growth, and sustainable fishery management.
Keywords: Fish, Asian catfish (Silurus triostegus), Hammar Marsh, environmental factors, nutrition, protein, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen.
Geological Analysis of the Influence of the Euphrates and Shatt al-Arab Rivers on Soil Texture and Density in Northern Basra, Southern Iraq
The study aimed to analyze the contrasting geological influences of the Euphrates River and the Shatt al-Arab on the physical properties of the soils in northern Basra. The methodology relied on collecting 18 surface samples from six sites (S1–S6) along both rivers, with a calculated distance from each. A particle size analysis of the soil texture was conducted following Folk’s method (1974). Bulk density, particle density, and total porosity were measured and supported by statistical analyses to examine the relationship between these properties and the distance from each river. The results revealed a dominance of fine particles (clay and silt) in the soil texture, reflecting a low energy depositional environment. Statistical correlations indicated two fundamentally different influence patterns. The Euphrates River exhibited a regular and gradual effect, showing a strong negative correlation (r = –0.797) between sand content and distance from the river, as well as a positive correlation for bulk density (r = 0.513) and a negative correlation for porosity (r = –0.495) with increasing distance. This pattern suggests the role of conventional hydraulic processes in grain size sorting. In contrast, the influence of the Shatt al-Arab appeared more complex and nonlinear, dominated by strong correlations associated with fine particles. Clay showed a strong negative correlation (r = –0.840), while silt exhibited a positive correlation (r = 0.729) with increasing distance from the river. This pattern may be attributed to tidal effects that enhance selective clay deposition near the riverbanks over long time periods. Moreover, particle density displayed notable stability, with no significant correlation with either river, indicating a homogeneous mineral source of the soils. The study concludes that the geological influence of the two rivers is integrated yet somewhat complex: The Euphrates controls the spatial distribution of coarse particles and soil porosity structure, whereas the Shatt al-Arab dominates the dynamics of fine particle distribution, collectively shaping the distinctive depositional patterns of the stratigraphic record within the floodplain of the study area.
Keywords: Soil texture, soil bulk density, total soil porosity, Euphrates River, Shatt al-Arab, geological analysis, alluvial plain.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The role of starter solutions on growth and yield of lettuce transplants grown at southern 0f Iraq
The study was conducted at the agricultural research station affiliated with the college of Agriculturwe ,University of Basrah in the area of Garmat Ali, to study the effect of lettuce transplants treatment with two starter solutions urea (0,0.5,1,2)gm litter-1 NPK (0,0.5,1,2)gm litter-1 and their interaction on the vegetative growth and yield . The results showerd both of starter solutions treatments significantly affected in transplants weight ,hight,srem length, total leaves number ,leaf area ,total head weight and total yield.The interaction between starter solutions significantly affected in all traits of the study except the diameter stem
lettuce ,starter solution ,urea ,NPK,growth,yield
Impact of Different Energy Sources on Some Performance Parameters of Japanese quail
This stud proved fulfilling its objectives about the growth performance, feed intake, feed efficiency, production efficiency and profit from quails under five different energy sources of dietary oil: unmixed oil control (T1) oil addition at the rate of 1% of the diet of corn oil (T2), sunflower oil (T3), soybean oil (T4), and tallow (T5) and 440 birds randomly assigned to treatment groups. All 7 diets were modeled to meet isonitrogenous and isocaloric levels set by NRC 1994. Performance was tracked over 6 weeks and data analyzed in a completely randomized design. Though early growth (1–14 days) showed little change, at the end of the trial, soybean oil (T4) improved final body weight (247.483 g), and body weight gain (265.163 g) at the low FCR (1.567) than the control. The Feed intake in this treatment was also lowest compared to the rest (418.370 g), indicating improved energy efficiency. The production index from treatment group T4 was also the greatest, in addition to having favorable economic returns. This supports other studies suggesting that vegetable oil, and particularly soybean oil, increases apparent digestibility of nutrients, enzyme functions, and lipid metabolism in poultry. The soybean oil also contains bioactive molecules like lecithin that aids in fat digestion and cholesterol control. Scientific and economic principles regarding Japanese Quail biomass production systems suggest that substituting with soybean oil instead of solid animal fats or carbohydrate sources adds margin
Energy, oil, productive, performance, quail.
Effect of some fruit extracts on tenderness and some chemical and physical characteristics of cow meat
This study investigated the effects of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) extracts on the chemical composition, physical characteristics, and sensory qualities of cow longissimus dorsi muscle during frozen storage (0, 30, 60, and 90 days). We examined five distinct treatments: T1 (control), T2 (100% pineapple), T3 (50% pineapple), T4 (100% kiwifruit), and T5 (50% kiwifruit). Proximate analysis revealed significant treatment effects (p < 0.05). The moisture content was maximal in T2 (74.29%) and minimal in T4 (71.60%). The protein content in T2 (16.76%) was inferior to that of the other treatments (about 18%). No changes in treatment for fat content were observed; however, it increased with storage length. The ash percentage reached highest perecentage in T4 at 0.93% and was lowest in T1 at 0.62%. The physical quality traits varied significantly: T4 and T5 exhibited the highest water-holding capacity (WHC) at 45.63%, whilst T2 had the lowest at 42.65%. The cooking loss was most in T2 (48.23%) and minimal in T1 (39.30%). Water holding capacity (WHC) peaked between 30 and 60 days, whereas cooking loss was maximal at 30 days and minimal at 60 days. Sensory evaluation revealed that T4 enhanced the tenderness of the dish (4.17), but T2 diminished its juiciness, taste, and overall acceptability (2.50). Kiwifruit extracts generally rendered food softer, enhanced its mineral content, and increased its palatability. Pineapple extracts, however, enhanced moisture but diminished the food's palatability and protein content at elevated quantities.
Kiwifruit, pineapple extracts, tenderness, cow meat, chemical traits,
Pomegranate Peel extract in Edible films: Impact on Microbial Growth Oxidative Stability, and Sensory Quality of Beef
This study assessed the antimicrobial, antioxidant and organoleptic effects of pomegranate peel powder (POP) incorporated into sodium alginate films and the mechanical and chemical properties of films enriched with pomegranate peel extract (PPE). Bovine samples were coated with films containing 0% (control), 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and10% POP, and their quality was analyzed during 14 days of refrigerated storage. Microbial counts, including the aerobic plate count (APC), psychrotrophic count (PTC), and Enterobacteriaceae count (EC), significantly decreased with increasing POP concentrations. The 10% POP (Pop4) treatment demonstrated robust antimicrobial activity, maintaining APC at 3.503 log CFU/g compared to 7.630 log CFU/g in the control by day 14. Oxidative stability was significantly improved, with peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBA) levels in Pop4 reduced by 53.6% and 76.7%, respectively, compared to the control. Sensory analysis indicated superior preservation of color, odor, and overall acceptability in POP-treated samples. Concurrently, films enriched with PPE exhibit enhanced mechanical and barrier properties. Increased PPE concentrations improved film thickness (0.062 mm in T4, 10% PPE), tensile strength (46.450 MPa in T4), and water vapor barrier properties (0.005–0.007 g/m² over 24 h), while reducing moisture content and enhancing elongation at break (4.57% in T4 compared to 3.11% in control films). These findings indicate that edible films enriched with POP and PPE demonstrate significant potential for extending the shelf life, enhancing safety and improving the sensory characteristics of fresh meat. Furthermore, these films
Antimicrobial- Antioxidant- Organoleptic- Sodium alginate films- Mechanical properties.
Diagnosing the reality of the performance of the sustainability system in the field of disseminating modern technologies to sustainably increase the productivity of the wheat crop in some provinces of the central region of Iraq (Baghdad, Wasit, Babylon, a
This research aims to diagnose the reality of the sustainability system's performance in the field of disseminating modern technologies to increase wheat productivity in some provinces of the central region of Iraq (Baghdad, Wasit, Babil, and Karbala). The research relied on a descriptive approach, where data was collected from 274 agricultural extension workers using a questionnaire containing 45 items distributed across five main areas: planning and implementation, management, finance, research and development, and media. The results showed that the system's performance was high in all areas, with the media area receiving the highest weighted average (3.98), followed by planning and implementation (3.97), while finance ranked last with a weighted average (3.91). The results also revealed weak integration between responsible agencies, shortcomings in administrative and financial aspects, and weak media performance. Based on this, recommendations were made to enhance institutional coordination, improve management, increase funding, and enhance the role of the media to achieve sustainable wheat production.
Agricultural Sustainability – Modern Technologies – Wheat Productivity – Agricultural Extension – Planning – Management – Financing
Effect of Gorogreen five frctus and pollen Cultivar on some physical and Chemical properties of date palm fruits Phoenix dactylifera L . variety resulting from a thesis tissue culture of Barhi
This study was conducted during the current growing season (2020-2021) in one of the private orchards located in the south of Thi_Qar Governorate and the cultivated area is imagining dates. Phoenix dactylifera L cultivar Barhi resulting. From tissue culture at the age of (6) years, to study the effect of spraying with Gorogreen live fructus and the pollen variety and knowing their effect on nutrients and the rate of maturity of imagining dates. (ml liter), and classify the vaccine represented by the two types of vaccine (Ghanami green and male) and the interaction between them in the Khalal and wet phases The study showed the superiority of spraying Gorogreen five fructus at a concentration of (1.5) ml/liter, and it achieved the highest increase in nutrients (PN and), and the results of the study showed the superiority of the green ovine pollen variety in terms of enriched elements (P. N. K) for the fantasy and wets tages in Hala lstage As for the interaction between Gorogreen five fructus on a liter and the pollen variety, it was significant in nitrogen and potassium in the disagreement stage, and the effect of the interaction was upper in the phosphorous element in the wet stage .
Study of Power Requirements of the Combined Moldboard Plow at Different Forward Speeds
The experiments were carried out in one of the agricultural fields of the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, using a split-plot design with three replications to study the influences of single factors and their interactions on the performance of the developed moldboard plow. The parameters studied involved: moldboard type (M1: conventional moldboard, M2: finned moldboard), rigid harrow types (H0: moldboard plow without rigid harrow, H1: moldboard plow with one row of rigid harrow, H2: moldboard plow with two rigid harrows) and forward speed (S1: 1.5 km h-1, S2: 2.5 km h-1, S3: 3.5 km h-1). The results showed a significant effect of individual factors on the performance variables. The moldboard with fins (M2) led to an increase in draft force (%p<0.05) compared to the conventional moldboard (M1) by 8.36%. H2 increased the draft force, reaching 17.60 kN compared to H0 by 35.18%. Forward speed had a significant effect (%p<0.05), whereas draft force increased from 16.86 kN to 14.04 kN when forward speed from 1.5 to 3.5 km h-1. The interactions were also significant (%p<0.05). The interaction treatment (M2*H2*S3) recorded the highest draft force value of 19.86 kN, while the interaction treatment (M1*H0*S1) recorded the lowest value of 10.55 kN. Furthermore, the highest slip percentage was observed with (M2*H2*S3) reaching 19.53%, while the lowest was observed with (M1H0S1) at 8.2%. In terms of fuel consumption, the combination (M2*H2*S1) recorded the highest rate at 35.37 L ha-1, while the combination (M1*H0*S3) recorded the lowest fuel consumption rate at 16.60 L ha-1.
Fins, rigid harrow, conventional moldboard, draft force, fuel consumption
Comparative Assessment of Melatonin Implants and Progesterone Hormone Effect on the Testicular Changes in Tomcats
The purpose of study to evaluate the effectiveness of melatonin implants and progesterone hormone as non-surgical methods for controlling reproductive activity in adult male cats. Twenty-four healthy toms, aged 3–4 years, were equally divided into three groups: a control group, a melatonin-treated group (18mg S.C.) and progesterone-treated group (megestrol acetate 2.5 mg every 10 days for two months). All cats were housed in comparable environmental conditions, and behavior observations as well as serum testosterone concentrations were taken 20, 40 and 60 days after treatment. melatonin implants and progesterone hormone both led to testicular regression (p <0.05) of treated tom cats comparative to control. Testicular length and width, scrotal circumference, seminiferous tubule diameter, interstitial tissue thickness, number of interstitial cells, and height of germinal epithelium all showed a gradual decrease over the course of 60 days. Regression was modest with melatonin (MLT) and stronger and earlier with progesterone. By day 60, testicular length and width decreased to approximately 17 mm (MLT) and 14 mm (in P4-treated cats), while scrotal circumference was reduced to 2.44 cm (MLT) and 1.52 cm (P4-treated). Histologically, melatonin led to a gradual vacuolation and desquamation of germ cells, whereas progesterone induced marked seminiferous atrophy, change of spermatogenic cells and expansion of the interstitium. There were no local or systemic adverse reactions. Results indicate that both have an inhibitory effect on testicular structure and reproductive activity, the suppression being reversible and progesterone having more potent inhibition.
Melatonin implants, Progesterone, Tomcats, Testes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Thabit, Salah Mahdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of Conventional Thermal Processing Duration on Hydroxymethyel furfural, Antioxidant Activity, and Physicochemical Properties of Pomegranate Molasses
This study investigated the effect of traditional heating duration on the physicochemical characteristics, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation, antioxidant activity, and mass yield during the production of pomegranate molasses. Pomegranate juice was thermally concentrated under traditional conditions for up to 14 hours, with periodic sampling to monitor changes. Heating significantly affected all measured parameters (p < 0.05). HMF content showed a non-linear increase, with initial low values, a sharp rise between 1–3 hours, slight decline during intermediate heating, and a final increase at 12–14 hours. Importantly, HMF levels remained below the maximum allowable limit of 75 mg/kg, ensuring product safety. Polynomial regression confirmed a strong quadratic relationship between heating time and HMF concentration (R² = 0.912, p < 0.001). Antioxidant activity decreased gradually with heating, while total soluble solids and viscosity increased, and pH and moisture content decreased. These results emphasize the need to optimize traditional heating time to maximize yield and quality while maintaining HMF within safe limits.
Pomegranate molasses- Hydroxymethyl furfural - Antioxidant activity – Traditional methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brwa Khalid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of the Interaction Between the Level of Water Dilution, Fermentation Time of Chicken Feed, and the Level of Addition of the Iraqi Biostimulant on the Microbial Count of Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of using feed fermented with Iraqi probiotic and water on chicken feed and to study the effect of fermentation on the microbial count of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium bacteria. Four concentrations of Iraqi probiotic were added: 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10/kg feed. The feed was diluted with water at ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 liters of water/kg feed. The feed was placed in an incubator at 37°C for different periods: 24, 48, and 72 hours. The goal of the experiment was to select the best concentration of Iraqi probiotic , along with the best water addition and the most appropriate fermentation time. All fermentation treatments resulted, There was a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the logarithmic numbers of all types of bacteria and yeast, and the best results were in favor of the 100% fermented feed prepared with a concentration of 10 g of probiotic/kg feed, diluted with water at a rate of 1 liter of water/kg feed, and fermented for 48 hours compared to the rest of the treatments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noura Karim Jabbar , Alaa Ahmed Marzook, Ali fadhel, Rasha Kazem Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE SELLERS ' KNOWLEDGE OF THE MARKETING EXTENSION OF THE LOCAL HONEY SHOPPING FUNCTION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SOCIAL VARIABLES IN SULAIMANIYAH GOVERNORATE
<a href="https://jam.utq.edu.iq/index.php/main/The research aimed to determine the level of sellers' knowledge of the marketing extension of the local honey marketing function and its relationship to some variables. This research was conducted in Sulaymaniyah governorate on a simple random sample of 313 researchers, representing 30% of the research community of 939 researchers. The data was collected by personal interview through a questionnaire form prepared for this purpose, and after testing and confirming its suitability for data collection, the data were collected, then processed and analyzed by SPSS Version22 Software. The results found that the level of knowledge of the respondents in the marketing extension of local honey in general was average, tending to rise, and the percentage of respondents in the middle and high categories was 71.57%. Additionally, the results showed that there is a significant correlation between the level of knowledge of the respondents in the marketing extension and variables: age, educational level and use of information source of marketing, while there is no correlation between the level of knowledge of the respondents in the marketing extension and participation in social organization variable. The researcher recommends that the development of specialized training and extension programs designed for different ages and education levels for honey sellers by the Ministry of Agriculture to maximize learning outcomes for honey sellers.">The research aimed to determine the level of sellers' knowledge of the marketing extension of the local honey marketing function and its relationship to some variables. This research was conducted in Sulaymaniyah governorate on a simple random sample of 313 researchers, representing 30% of the research community of 939 researchers. The data was collected by personal interview through a questionnaire form prepared for this purpose, and after testing and confirming its suitability for data collection, the data were collected, then processed and analyzed by SPSS Version22 Software. The results found that the level of knowledge of the respondents in the marketing extension of local honey in general was average, tending to rise, and the percentage of respondents in the middle and high categories was 71.57%. Additionally, the results showed that there is a significant correlation between the level of knowledge of the respondents in the marketing extension and variables: age, educational level and use of information source of marketing, while there is no correlation between the level of knowledge of the respondents in the marketing extension and participation in social organization variable. The researcher recommends that the development of specialized training and extension programs designed for different ages and education levels for honey sellers by the Ministry of Agriculture to maximize learning outcomes for honey sellers.
Copyright (c) 2025 shanya, Dara A. Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Obstacles of Sustainable Agricultural Development from The Point Of View Of Agricultural Extension Workers In Sulaimani Governorate*
The study aimed to identify the obstacles facing sustainable agricultural development from The Point Of View Of agricultural extension workers in Sulaymaniyah Governorate in general, as well as to identify these obstacles in each of the development dimensions (social, economic, and environmental), in addition to arranging the dimensions in descending order of importance. It also aimed to find the variance between the obstacles to sustainable development them and a group of independent variables. The research population comprised all agricultural extension personnel employed at the extension centres within Sulaymaniyah Governorate, totalling 93 workers in agricultural extension. Theseworkers were distributed throughout the various districts and sub-districts of the governorate;The research results revealed that the obstacles facing the achievement of sustainable development are average and tends to rise in general in all its fields as well as in each field of the three dimensions of sustainable agricultural development. The results showed that the field of the economic dimension came in first rank when arranging these fields according to their importance. These results also showed that the respondents did not show a difference in their opinions towards achieving sustainable agricultural development with the variables of age, academic achievement and participation in training courses, while they showed a varaince with the variables of information sources and the attitude towards sustainable agricultural development. The research concluded that there are serious and major obstacles hindering the achievement of sustainable agricultural development in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The research recommended making efforts and activating the role of agricultural extension and other development organizations to address these obstacles.
Obstacles , Sustainable Agricultural Development, Of Agricultural Extension Workers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lana yasin, Sahab Ayid Al-Ajeili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Influence of Anti-Transpirant, Nano-Potassium, and Shading on Vegetative Growth and Yield Traits of Grapevines (Tre-Rash cv.) Under Rain-Fed Conditions
Agricultural production is considered one of the sectors most affected by climate change, especially drought; in the semi-arid climate zone, rainfall is variable leading to several challenges that affect agricultural production. Thus, this study was conducted using antitranspirant (1:10), nano-potassium (2 g L-1) and 50% shading with a green net to protect grapevines, Vitis vinifera L., cv. Tre-Rash under rain-fed conditions. A simple randomized complete block design experiment was conducted to enhance grape yield and quality, to explore the synergistic effects of the treatments used on grapevines grown under water-limited conditions. The results showed that the treatments significantly enhanced some vegetative traits such as main shoot length and chlorophyl content. Moreover, the variance among values of cluster weight, number of berries per cluster, weight of 100 berries, size of 100 berries, total soluble solid TSS, total titratable acid TTA, total anthocyanin content in grape, total carotenoid, total soluble sugar content in grapes and leaves, total phenolic content in grapes and leaves, total flavonoid content in grape and leaves, leaf proline, leaf lipid peroxidation and yield per vine were significantly different.
Vitis vinifera L., Drought stress, phytochemical, grape quality
Copyright (c) 2025 Anwar Mahmood, Tara Faizallah Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect Of Early Quantitative Feed Restriction On Growth And Production Indicators Of Broiler Chickens
This study was conducted in the poultry field, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad, during the period from 1/5/2023 to 5/6/2023. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of feed restrictionsat an early age on the production performance of broiler chickens. Three hundred one-day-old Ross 308 chicks with an average initial weight of 46 g were used for the study and divided into four treatments. Each treatment consisted of seventy-five birds divided into three replicates of twenty-five birds each. The four treatments included the following: The first treatment (T1): Ad libitum feeding during the study period of 1 to 35 days. The second, third and fourth treatments (T2, T3 and T4): Ad libitum feeding during the first week of life (1-7 days), restriction of feed by 15, 25 and 35% respectively during the period of 8-21 days, then ad libitum feeding during the remaining period (22-35 days). The results showed a significant decrease (P<0.01) in body weight at 35 days of age and weight gain over the entire period (1-35 days) at T2, T3 and T4 compared to T1, with T3 having an advantage over T2 and T4. With a significant decrease (P<0.01) in T2, T3 and T4 in feed intake over the entire period (1-35 days) compared to T1, with a significant decrease in T3 and T4 compared to T2. At the same time, no significant differences were observed in feed utilization, dressing percentage and percentage of carcass parts and some internal organs. These results therefore indicate the possibility of reducing nutritional and production costs through early feed restrictions without negatively affecting production performance.
feed restriction, performance,broiler chicks
Subcutaneous ovarian transplantation for short term preservation in cat
An ovarian transplantation procedure in cat carried out without angioanastomosis on 10 donors in aimed of 10 recipient’s cats. The ovaries of donors cats had been removed and sliced then placed in buffer saline followed by histopathological evaluation, transplanted into recipient cats subcutaneously. One month after surgery, the recipient cats treated with PMSG+hCG hormones to activate the transplanted ovaries. The response to hormonal activation were assessed using two methods, the first was ultrasonographic examination to monitoring follicular development and the second done by estimation of blood estrogen hormone after operation in comparison with before operation. The results show there are significant changes in serum estrogen concentration before and during different times (days) after hormonal treatment of recipient cats in comparison with before treatment which may indicate of ovarian activation containing primary and secondary follicles , this result confirmed by ultrasonography for follicular detection. In conclusion subcutaneous allo-ovarian transplantation could be in immunosuppressed cat with no any visible complications. The study also shows that there are remaining levels of estrogen hormone even after ovariectomy in cat. Finally administration of PMSG + hCG hormone could activate the subcutaneous transplanted ovaries by activation of follicular development
ovarian, Transplantation , Cat , allo-ovarian transplantation
Copyright (c) 2025 awban aktham, Baqer J. Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effect Of Dietary Supplemented Ginger And Probiotic On The Productive Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, And Blood Metabolites Of Growing Karadi Lambs
This study aimed to assess the impact of using different amounts of ginger and probiotic in feed of Karadi lambs(%0 control,%3 ginger,%3 probiotic,%3 ginger+%3 probiotic) on productive performance ,nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites. Twenty male lambs (4-5 months old and initial weight 25±5 kg) were randomly divided into four groups (5 lambs for each group) individually penned for 84 days (12 weeks). Each group include 5 lambs as (control, T1, T2, T3).Lambs fed a concentrate diet containing 16% protein at the level of %3 of their live body weight and wheat straw was ad libitum throughout the period of the study. Control (receive basal diet), T1 (receive basal diet with 3g ginger /head/day), T2 (receive basal diet with 3g probiotic/head/day), T3 (receive basal diet with 3g ginger /head/day+ 3g probiotic/head/day). Treatment 1 experienced a higher feed intake and significant (p < 0.05) rise in body weight gain, this could be because of supplemented ginger improved nutritional absorption. The positive effect of using ginger and probiotic was observed in dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, crude protein digestibility, ether extract digestibility, crude fiber digestibility, NFE digestibility, NDF digestibility and ADF digestibility comparing to control ,the result refer to ginger and probiotic addition that they improve digestion, nutrient absorption and gut health of lambs. Collections of blood samples were obtained at the final stage of research study. The overall findings regarding blood plasma measures in lambs that received different experimental diets showed that all treatments displayed little effect on the assessed parameters, as the variations attributable to treatment effects were not statistically significant (p < 0.05), with the exception of albumin and creatinine levels were significant (p < 0.05). Feeding lambs diets supplemented with the experimental additions resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) different pH values, The pH value (p < 0.05) in T3 shows an increase in the result comparing to control which is due to the combination of ginger and probiotic in the diet, while T2 has lower pH value (p < 0.05) comparing to control. In the current research, animals in the T2 group showed an increased amount of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA’s) in rumen fluid comparing to other groups. The results indicated that ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in control group than other groups. The reduction in Ammonia (NH3-N) content in livestock diets enriched with probiotics (Direct Fed Microbial) may be attributed to enhanced assimilation of ammonia into microbial protein. T1 group receive ginger and basal diet shows the highest significant (p < 0.05) level of ammonia concentration.
ginger, probiotic, growth performance, blood parameters, digestibility and ruminal fluid
Copyright (c) 2025 chiya mawlood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morphological and Molecular identification of some Species of liver fluke in Sulaymaniyah Slaughterhouse
This study provides a molecular epidemiological profile of liver flukes infecting sheep in Sulaimani Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan. Between July 2024 and July 2025, a total of 211,940 sheep were examined at the Sulaimani Central Slaughterhouse and district/sub-district abattoirs in Saidsadq, Chamchamal, Sharazur, Kalar, Darbandikhan, Penjwen, Piramagrun, Axjalar, Halabja, and Dukan. The overall prevalence of fasciolosis was 5.52%, with significant seasonal variation: highest in spring (7.21%) and summer (6.55%), and lowest in autumn (4.57%) and winter (2.38%). Infected animals were predominantly males (76.8%), reflecting slaughterhouse demographics, while imported breeds accounted for most infections (77%) compared with local breeds (23%). Morphological examination indicated Fasciola hepatica as the predominant species (80%), followed by F. gigantica (12%) and F. magna (8%). Molecular analysis confirmed these findings with high levels of agreement, detecting F. hepatica in 94% of the tested samples, F. gigantica in 95%, and F. magna in 92%. By integrating morphological proportions with PCR confirmation rates. These results confirm Fasciola hepatica as the dominant species in the study area, alongside the validated presence of F. gigantica and F. magna. The study aims to determine the prevalence and seasonal distribution of fasciolosis in sheep at Sulaimani Central, and to identify and characterize the liver fluke species by an integrated morphological and molecular approach (ITS PCR-RFLP and mtDNA sequencing).
Sheep. Fasciola species, Slaughter house, Molecular Technique
Copyright (c) 2025 Bahzad Mustafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The effect of some active compounds of the Aqueaus extract of Basil on some bloodhematological parameters of male rats induced with Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is one of the major scientific problems facing the human body due to its delayed detection at its onset. It is often referred to as the silent killer. Cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and neuropathy are among the many complications that can develop in people with diabetes. The pancreatic beta cells secrete the hormone insulin. Its regulation of metabolism is crucial for maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Due to the complications caused by chemotherapy and its high cost, medicinal herbs have been used in this field to reduce the effects of diabetes and lower blood levels. One such herb is basil. Its aqueous leaf extract is used to treat diabetes, given its content of active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and other compounds. Forty adult male albino rats were evaluated. They weighed between 200 and 250 grams and were 10 to 12 weeks old. Four groups were formed from them. A control group, which did not receive any therapy, was the first. On the other hand, 150 mg/kg bw of alloxan was administered to the second group. The third set of subjects received alloxan injections and a monthly dosage of 250 mg/kg bw of water-based basil leaves extract. The fourth set of subjects received a single alloxan injection, along with a monthly dosage of aqueous basil leaves extract (500 mg/kg body weight). Following the injection of alloxan, the findings demonstrated a significant decline (p < 0.05) in the quantity of red blood cells, compressed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration. As shown in the control group, the levels increased once more after administering the aqueous basil leaf extract. Nevertheless, in contrast to the control group, the alloxan injection resulted in a substantial increase (p<0.05) in the number of white blood cells. It dropped down to levels similar to the control group after the administration of the water-based basil leaves extract (p<0.05).
Ocimum basilicum, aqueous extract, rats, hematological parameters
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Al-Huda N. Abdulla, murtadha abdulahseen, Adnan A. Al-Sultan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The effect of Nano-NPK, fulvic acid and their interaction on some physical properties of two cherry tomato varieties Solanum lycopersicumvar. cerasiforme.
The experiment was carried out in one of the unheated plastic houses at the station affiliated with the College of Agriculture and Marshlands / University of Thi Qar, Al-Muhiyah area, during the winter season 2024-2025, using a split-split plot design, the averages of the treatments were compared according to the least significant difference (LSD) test at the probability level of 0.05. The experiment included three factors: the first factor: two varieties of cherry tomatoes, Wadi Star and Cherry, the second factor, three concentrations of Nano NPK (0, 2.5 and 5) g L-1 sprayed on the plant, and the third factor, three concentrations of fulvic acid (0, 2 and 4) g L-1 as a soil addition to the plant, with three replicates for each treatment. The aim was to determine the variety of cherry tomatoes that can be successfully grown in the conditions of Thi Qar Governorate and that has high productivity, as well as to determine the optimal concentration of both Nano NPK and fulvic acid in the physical characteristics of cherry tomato plants. The results showed superiority the cherry variety was superior to the Wadi star variety in the number of fruits per plant, length, weight and diameter of the fruit at averages of (272.9 fruits. plant⁻¹, 17.800 mm, 6.178 g and 17.450 mm) respectively, and the Nano NPK concentration of 5 g. L-1 was significantly superior in the number of fruits, length, weight and diameter of the fruit at averages of (294.8 fruits plant⁻¹, 18.280 mm, 6.356 g and 17.930 mm) respectively, while fulvic acid was significantly superior to the concentration of 4 g L-1 with the number of fruits, length, weight and diameter of the fruit (346.0 fruits.plant⁻¹ , 20.425 mm , 7.150 g and 20.075 mm) respectively, and the results of the statistical analysis showed that the two-way and three-way interactions between the study factors were also significant in the studied traits.
Copyright (c) 2025 hala khadim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Biological control of the Genus Hyalomma (Hyalomma anatolicum) by using entomopathogenic indigenous fungi (Beauveria bassiana).
A total of 1147 ticks were collected from 360 suspected cattle across three ecological zones to evaluate and compare the efficacy of biological and chemical methods against hard ticks (genus: Hyalomma), which are the highest infesting ticks on cattle in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Focused on three developmental stages-larvae, nymphs, and adults-they are tested with both synthetic (chemical) acaricides and entomopathogenic fungus (Beauveria bassiana). Biological control trials involved spraying Beauveria bassiana spores at three concentrations: 10^6, 10^7, and 10^8 spores/ml. The fungus preparation was applied directly to ticks at different life stages, and mortality rates were monitored. LT50 and LT90 values were calculated for each combination, showing higher mortality and faster lethal time at higher concentrations. Another test using commercial acaricides was conducted under the same experimental conditions, and the results showed that the chemical treatment at a concentration of 2.5% deltamethrin caused higher initial mortality, while the fungal treatment showed progressive and lasting effects, particularly at the adult stage and at higher spore concentrations. Overall, the study concludes that Beauveria bassiana is a promising biocontrol agent that, when properly formulated, can serve as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical acaricides in integrated tick management strategies in livestock systems.
Cattle. Hard ticks. Beauveria bassiana fungus. Deltamethrin.Lethal time.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bahzad Mustafa, Hemn Ahmed Hama Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Response of two broccoli varietys Brassica oleracea Var. italica to seaweed extract Stimax nature and dried baker's yeast.
The experiment was conducted at the Research Station of the College of Agriculture and Marshlands/University of Thi Qar during the 2024-2025 agricultural season with the aim of studying the response of two broccoli varieties (Brassica oleracea Var. italica) to the seaweed extract Stimax nature and dry baker's yeast. The study included three factors: the first factor was two broccoli varieties, Jasmin and Sidra; the second factor was three concentrations of the seaweed extract Stimax nature (0, 1.5, and 3) ml L-1, and the third factor was three concentrations of dry baker's yeast (0, 3, and 6) g L-1. Thus, the experiment included eighteen treatments with three replicates for each and a number of experimental units of (54). It was implemented as a factorial experiment using split-split plots twice within Randomized Complete Block Design (Split-Split plot design in RCBD). The results were statistically analyzed using the statistical program (Genstat), and the test was performed the significance of the differences between the means was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) test at a probability level of 0.05. The results showed the significant superiority of the Sidra variety in (leaf content of total chlorophyll, floral cruds content of vitamin C, and percentage of nitrogen and potassium) at averages of (69.915 and 71.789) mg 100g-1 f. w., (1.835 and 1.499) %, respectively, no significant differences were observed in the percentage of phosphorus. The concentration of 3 ml L-1 of seaweed extract (Stimax) was significantly superior in (leaf content of total chlorophyll, floral cruds content of vitamin C, and percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) at averages of (70.252 and 69.694) mg 100g-1 f. w., (1.873, 0.460, and 1.548) %, respectively. The results also showed the significant effect of the concentration of 6 g L-1 of yeast suspension dry bread in (leaf content of total chlorophyll, floral cruds content of vitamin C and percentage of each of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) at averages of (75.025 and 75.956) mg 100g-1 f. w. and (2.023, 0.523 and 1.668) % respectively. The two-way interaction treatments, were significantly superior to the interaction treatment between the Sidra variety and the seaweed extract (Stimax nature) at a concentration of 3 ml L-1 and achieved the highest averages in (leaf content of total chlorophyll, floral cruds content of vitamin C, and percentage of each of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) at averages of (71.327 and 74.989) mg 100g-1 f. w. and (1.932, 0.460 and 1.547) %, respectively. Also, the two-way interaction treatment between the Sidra variety and the dry baker’s yeast suspension at a concentration of 6 g L-1 was significantly superior in (leaf content of total chlorophyll, floral cruds content of vitamin C, and percentage of each of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) at averages of (77.317 and 81.411) mg 100g-1 f. w. and (2.132, 0.531 and 1.672) % respectively, in addition to the significant superiority of the two-way interaction treatment between spraying with seaweed extract (Stimax nature) at a concentration of 3 ml L-1 and dry baker’s yeast at a concentration of 6 g L-1 in (leaf content of total chlorophyll, floral cruds content of vitamin C and percentage of each of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) at averages of (77.307 and 79.567) mg 100g-1 f. w. and (2.218, 0.590 and 1.708) %, respectively. The triple interaction treatments between the Sidra variety and the seaweed extract (Stimax nature) at a concentration of 3 ml L-1 and the dry baker's yeast suspension at a concentration of 6 g L-1 had a significant effect and achieved the highest averages in (the content of the floral cruds of vitamin C and the percentage of each of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) amounting to (84.400 mg 100 g-1 f. w.) and (2.333, 0.630 and 1.713) %, respectively, and no significant differences were observed in the content of chlorophyll in the leaves.
Copyright (c) 2025 hind hind mohammed, Batool Hanoon Falih AL-zubaidy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Histological Evaluation of Some Skin Lesions of Tick Bites in Sheep
In naturally infested sheep, two genera and four species of Ixodidae, two genera and two species of mites, two genera and two species of lice, three genera and three species of myiasis, and three genera and three species of fleas. Highly infested, as described in sheep, with Arachnida at 55%, comprising 46% Hard ticks and 9% Mites. The overall number of skins refused to the tanning industry was 100 (21.21%) in sheep. Histological and blood values analysis of the skin of sheep repeatedly infested with the Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum was studied in vitro. Infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes adjacent to the tick bite site was observed. In this review, the presence of ectoparasites affected both the red and white blood cell series of hematological parameters. Among the main parameters analyzed, hematocrit, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and lymphocytes showed reductions, while eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils increased in infested animals as a result of the host immune response. A t-test, p < 0.05, in this study reveals a statistically significant difference in blood values between individuals with naturally infested ectoparasites. This study highlights the species of Ixodidae and other ectoparasites (mites, myiasis, fleas, and lice) that cause various patterns of cutaneous lesions (as observed through histopathology) in sheep, which affects their industry.
Sheep, Hard ticks, Ixodidae, Skin infestation, Inflammation, Dermal changes, Histopathology.
Effect of foliar application of Humic acid and Nano Iron on Physical Characteristics of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
This experiment was conducted at the open-air researches station of the College of Agriculture and Marshlands, University of Thi Qar, Thi Qar Governorate, Iraq, during 2024-2025. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of foliar spraying with humic acid at three concentrations (0, 2, and 4) g/L and foliar spraying with nano-iron at five concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, and 100) mg/L on the physical characteristics of eggplant (Solanum melongena L. Var. Barcelona). Results showed that (4) g/L Humic acid concentration was superior in terms: Plant height (73.89) cm/plant, leaves number(57.78) leaf), stem diameter(2.67) cm/plant, branches number(3.99) branch/plant, fruits number(19.69) fruit/plant and fruit weight (118.14) g/fruit. Also, Results showed that (60) mg/L nano-iron concentration was superior in terms (Plant height(73.40)cm/plant, leaves number(53.92) leaf/plant, stem diameter(2.72)cm/plant, branches number(3.74) branches/plant, fruits number(19.31) fruit/plant and fruit weight (117.69) g/fruit.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anwar RADHI, Nazar AL GHASHEEM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morphological and Molecular Identification of Acari: Ixodidae in Cattle, and Their Effect on Production.
This study examined the distribution and impact of Ixodid ticks on cattle in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq, utilizing both morphological and molecular identification methods. A total of 1,447 ticks were collected from 714 cattle across various districts, including Darbandikhan, Sharazur, Germian, and Qaradax, over three seasons: spring, summer, and autumn from August 2024 to May 2025. The highest infestation rate was observed in spring (58%), followed by summer (45%) and autumn (30%). No hard ticks were discovered on cattle during the winter months during this study. Morphological analysis identified two tick genera: Hyalomma (98%) and Rhipicephalus (2%). Molecular analysis of ITS2 rDNA regions confirmed the presence of one species of genus Hyalomma, Hyalomma anatolicum and two species of genus Rhipicephalus, Rhipicephalus bursa, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Statistical analysis using t-tests and Z-tests for proportions highlighted significant seasonal discrepancies. Infestation rates varied significantly by season and geography, particularly among imported cattle, with Darbandikhan showing the highest prevalence. A questionnaire survey conducted with 100 cattle owners revealed high awareness of tick presence and associated health issues, including skin irritation and signs of tick-borne diseases. All respondents reported using chemical acaricides, though 30% suspected treatment resistance.
Identification, Molecular Technique, Hyalomma. Rhipicephalus, Cattle.
Effect of two levels of AD3EC on the rumen environment of local lambs.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of two levels of AD3EC on the rumen environment of local lambs during the period, from,2\1\2025 to 1\4\2025. The study was conducted at the Agricultural Station affiliated with the College of Agriculture and Marshes. Twelve local sheep lambs at weaning age were purchased and divided into three treatments, with four lambs per treatment, having an average weight of 13.00–13.55 kg. The first treatment served as the control and was not administeredAD3EC,left for comparison. The second treatment received3 ml of AD3EC, and the third treatment received4 ml of AD3EC. All lambs were fed the same diet. The results showed that in the first, second, and third months of the study, there was a significant increase in pH values for the treatments receivingAD3EC compared to the control treatment. Additionally ,regarding total bacteria, in the first, second, and third months, there was a significant increase in total bacterial counts for the treatments that receivedAD3EC,compared to the control treatment
Copyright (c) 2025 huda shteeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of the growth performance of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. fry after adding a powdered mixture of some insects to their diets
This study was conducted to test the effect of adding an insect powder mixture on the performance of common carp fry which had initial body weight attained (16.65±0.01) g. A total of 72 fish they were randomly distributed into 4 treatments with 3 replicates (6 fish per replicate). A commercial Ferdaneh diet with a crude protein content of 30% and a gross energy 412 kcal/g was used. A commercial insect powder mixture (grasshopper and mealworms) was added to the diets at the following experimental levels: T0 was the control treatment without any addition. And it was added to T1, T2, and T3 at levels of 1%, 2%, and 3%, respectively. Fish performance was tested after 60 days of the experiment, based on weight gain, daily growth rate, relative growth rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio. The results of the statistical analysis showed that all addition treatments significantly exceeded on the control treatment, in the following order: T3 then T2, followed by T1, for all studied parameters hence, we conclude that common carp fry showed the best growth performance after adding the insect powder mixture at the above-mentioned levels to their diet, particularly at 3%.
Evaluation, juveniles, common carp, growth performance, insect powder mixture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hadeel Mohammed, Abbas Kazim Hamza Abbas Kazim Hamza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physicochemical properties and essential elements of some selected Kurdish-grown rice (short-grain) in Iraqi Kurdistan
Fourteen Iraqi Kurdish-grown short-grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars were tested for physicochemical traits and essential elements. Mineral analysis showed significant variation, with potassium (25,000-58,000 mg kg⁻¹), magnesium (16,000-32,500 mg kg⁻¹), and calcium (16,000-26,000 mg kg⁻¹), while sodium (1,400-5,800 mg kg⁻¹) exceeded international standards. Selenium was high in Bazian (16 mg kg⁻¹). Physical properties, such as bulk density (0.841-0.908 g mL⁻¹), 1000-kernel weight, chalkiness, amylose content (16.2-19.1%), and gel consistency (41-54 mm), varied significantly among cultivars. These findings highlight the nutritional diversity and quality potential of Kurdish-grown rice, with some cultivars having high mineral content and good processing qualities and others having high sodium levels. The data scientifically encourage cultivar selection, breeding, and targeted promotion of local rice varieties to improve food security, nutritional value, and agricultural sustainability in Kurdistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Othman Kareem Qadir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0