University of Thi-Qar Journal of agricultural research
University of Thi-Qar Journal of agriculture research is a global, scientific and open access journal. and it is published from the Agriculture and Marshes College/ University of Thi-qar/ Iraq. UTJagr is an open journal that aims to Distribute the all information about the agricultural sciences and all other related sciences to this field around the world.The importance of providing food basket for the global communities and the importance of agricultural science in the development and provision of this basket of food. It is necessary to publish all researches in this aspect to reach those interested in agriculture, so this journal was founded to contribute and transfer of agricultural information.
Agriculture and Marshes College, University of Thi-Qar
Study of Power Requirements of the Combined Moldboard Plow at Different Forward Speeds
The experiments were carried out in one of the agricultural fields of the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, using a split-plot design with three replications to study the influences of single factors and their interactions on the performance of the developed moldboard plow. The parameters studied involved: moldboard type (M1: conventional moldboard, M2: finned moldboard), rigid harrow types (H0: moldboard plow without rigid harrow, H1: moldboard plow with one row of rigid harrow, H2: moldboard plow with two rigid harrows) and forward speed (S1: 1.5 km h-1, S2: 2.5 km h-1, S3: 3.5 km h-1). The results showed a significant effect of individual factors on the performance variables. The moldboard with fins (M2) led to an increase in draft force (%p<0.05) compared to the conventional moldboard (M1) by 8.36%. H2 increased the draft force, reaching 17.60 kN compared to H0 by 35.18%. Forward speed had a significant effect (%p<0.05), whereas draft force increased from 16.86 kN to 14.04 kN when forward speed from 1.5 to 3.5 km h-1. The interactions were also significant (%p<0.05). The interaction treatment (M2*H2*S3) recorded the highest draft force value of 19.86 kN, while the interaction treatment (M1*H0*S1) recorded the lowest value of 10.55 kN. Furthermore, the highest slip percentage was observed with (M2*H2*S3) reaching 19.53%, while the lowest was observed with (M1H0S1) at 8.2%. In terms of fuel consumption, the combination (M2*H2*S1) recorded the highest rate at 35.37 L ha-1, while the combination (M1*H0*S3) recorded the lowest fuel consumption rate at 16.60 L ha-1.
Fins, rigid harrow, conventional moldboard, draft force, fuel consumption
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect Of Early Quantitative Feed Restriction On Growth And Production Indicators Of Broiler Chickens
This study was conducted in the poultry field, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad, during the period from 1/5/2023 to 5/6/2023. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of feed restrictionsat an early age on the production performance of broiler chickens. Three hundred one-day-old Ross 308 chicks with an average initial weight of 46 g were used for the study and divided into four treatments. Each treatment consisted of seventy-five birds divided into three replicates of twenty-five birds each. The four treatments included the following: The first treatment (T1): Ad libitum feeding during the study period of 1 to 35 days. The second, third and fourth treatments (T2, T3 and T4): Ad libitum feeding during the first week of life (1-7 days), restriction of feed by 15, 25 and 35% respectively during the period of 8-21 days, then ad libitum feeding during the remaining period (22-35 days). The results showed a significant decrease (P<0.01) in body weight at 35 days of age and weight gain over the entire period (1-35 days) at T2, T3 and T4 compared to T1, with T3 having an advantage over T2 and T4. With a significant decrease (P<0.01) in T2, T3 and T4 in feed intake over the entire period (1-35 days) compared to T1, with a significant decrease in T3 and T4 compared to T2. At the same time, no significant differences were observed in feed utilization, dressing percentage and percentage of carcass parts and some internal organs. These results therefore indicate the possibility of reducing nutritional and production costs through early feed restrictions without negatively affecting production performance.
feed restriction, performance,broiler chicks
Ecological and chemical study of Eichhornia Crassipes plant growing in water of Shatt Al-Ksar in Thi Qar - southern Iraq
The results of this study highlight the important ecological role of water hyacinth in aquatic environments, in particular in improving water quality through the absorption of trace elements and organic pollutants. The study samples were collected from Shatt al-ksar during the autumn of 2023,The results of the three sample stations showed noticeable differences in the main physical and chemical parameters , including dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). These variations were closely associated with the density of water hyacinth coverage at each site. Station 1, characterized by dense plant cover, exhibited the lowest DO levels alongside the highest concentrations of trace elements and TPH outcome attributed to increased oxygen consumption from plant biomass decomposition and limited gas exchange due to dense growth. In contrast, Station 2, with moderate vegetation, showed intermediate values. Station 3, which lacked vegetation almost entirely, recorded the highest DO and the lowest levels of EC and TPH, reflecting better water clarity and quality in the absence of plant cover. Furthermore, analysis of pollutant accumulation in different plant parts revealed that the roots and vesicles retained the highest levels of trace elements (Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb) and TPH. These results reinforce the effectiveness of water hyacinth in pollutant uptake and stabilization, particularly in areas subject to contamination, underscoring its potential role in phytoremediation applications. As for the chemical composition of the plant, analyses showed a high content of organic matter (with an average exceeding 60% of the dry weight) and varying proportions of fibers, proteins, and ash. This reflects the plant's suitability for use in industrial and agricultural applications. This is consistent with the results of other studies that showed a relative compatibility in the ratios of ash, protein, and humidity. The novelty of this study lies in comparing aquatic sites with different levels of water hyacinth growth, examining vegetation density, water properties, trace element concentrations, and TPH. It analyzes the accumulation of heavy metals and TPH in the different parts of the plant and presents a dual perspective on the role of the water hyacinth as both a pollutant and a sustainable environmental solution.
Aquatic Environment, Shatt al-Ksar, Eichhornia crassipes,Trace elements,TPH
Evaluation of the effect of integrated fertilization on some soil properties and the growth and yield of Armenian cucumber (Cucumis melo var.flexuosus Nauds)
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of integrated fertilization (chemical, organic, and biological) on some chemical and biological properties of soil as well as the growth and yield of Armenian cucumber (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus). A field experiment was carried out with five fertilizer treatments (control without fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (CF), organic fertilizer (OF), biological fertilizer (BF) and their mixture (CF+OF+BF). The following properties were evaluated: soil salinity (EC), soil reaction (pH), organic matter content (OM), NPK concentration in soil and plant, and numbers of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria in the rhizosphere. The results showed that the integrated fertilization treatment was superior in improving the chemical properties of the soil, as it reduced the EC and pH values, and increased OM. It also recorded the highest concentrations of major nutrients in the soil and plant (N: 40,000, P: 44,000, K: 40,000 mg kg⁻¹), compared to the control treatment. It led to a significant increase in the numbers of beneficial bacteria 28.66×10³ and 23.33×10³ cfu /g soil for Azotobacter and Pseudomonas, respectively. These results confirm the effectiveness of integrated fertilization in enhancing soil fertility and improving nutritional and biological efficiency, which supports its adoption as a sustainable strategy as an alternative or complement to traditional chemical fertilization.
Integrated fertilization ,Organic fertilization, Bio-fertilizers, Sustainable agriculture.
Impact Analysis of Different Mixtures of Compost and Polymer on Soil Physical Properties and the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Polymer and compost amendment is a general approach to improve soil properties and promote crop productivity. This study was carried out to assess the effect of polymer and compost amendments on the growth parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soil properties. The experiment was carried at the Agricultural Research Station/College of Agriculture and Marshes/University of Thi-Qar using a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. The results show that the addition of polymers and compost significantly improved soil properties such as bulk density, total porosity, and moisture content and also increasedthe dry weight of the plant, spike weight, number of spikes, spike length, plant height, number of tillers, leaf area. These results illustrate that polymers and compost should be incorporated in agriculture for higher production.
Polymer , compost , soil physical proprieties , wheat .
"Effect of the Rhizosphere of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on Some Biological Properties of Soils in Basrah Governorate"
This study investigated the effect of the rhizosphere of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on some biological properties of soils in four different locations in Basrah Governorate (Kteeban, Al-Tanuma, Abu Al-Khasib, and Nahr Hassan). Soil samples were collected at two depths (0–30 cm and 30–60 cm) from both rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soils. biological indicators were analyzed, including total bacterial and fungal counts, Azotobacter spp., and some enzymes( urease and dehydrogenase) . The results demonstrated a significant increase in microbial populations and enzymatic activities in rhizospheric soils, particularly in surface layers (0-30 cm ) . The Kteeban site showed the highest values for microbial abundance and enzyme activity, which is attributed to leguminous cropping and organic matter inputs. Conversely, the Nahr Hassan site, which retains natural vegetation, exhibited the lowest values for same criteria . Overall, the rhizosphere was found to be a biologically active zone that enhances soil fertility through microbial colonization and enzymatic activity. The findings highlight the potential of utilizing native Azotobacter spp. as a biofertilizer to support sustainable agriculture in arid and seme arid regions.
Rhizosphere, Phoenix dactylifera, Azotobacter spp., biological soil properties, soil enzymes, Basrah soils, nitrogen fixation, microbial activity.
The effect of two different variety of sesame seed color on the sesame paste tahini
This research assessed the sensory attributes of tahini made from two types of sesame seeds—brown and white—sourced from the Aya local market in Erbil, Iraq. After being cleaned by hand, the seeds were dry-roasted to bring out their flavour and then crushed into a paste in a high-speed food processor. The tahini was put in sealed jars for examination, and a pinch of salt was added to each batch. A panel of 25 people who were acquainted with sesame goods did a sensory assessment using a 9-point hedonic scale to rate the items' look, smell, feel, taste, aftertaste, and overall acceptability. Statistical study (ANOVA, p < 0.05) demonstrated substantial disparities between the two types. White sesame tahini always got better scores in all categories, with the biggest differences in appearance (8.1 ± 0.6 vs. 7.2 ± 0.8), scent (8.3 ± 0.5 vs. 7.5 ± 0.7), and texture (8.0 ± 0.7 vs. 6.8 ± 0.9). The findings show that tahini made from white sesame seeds has a more attractive colour, smoother texture, and milder flavour, making it more generally acceptable (8.3 ± 0.5) than brown sesame tahini (6.9 ± 0.9). These results provide both customers and producers useful information about which kind of sesame seeds to use to make high-quality tahini.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sheraz Zuher Karem, Dawrin Hawar Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Oven and Sun Drying Methods on the Quality and Sensory Attributes of Tomato Paste Produced from Local Tomatoes in Erbil, Iraq
This research examines the effects of oven and sun drying techniques on the quality and sensory characteristics of tomato paste made from locally sourced tomatoes cultivated in Erbil, Iraq. The tomatoes were washed, cut into quarters, pureed, and then either dried in the oven at 55°C for 8 hours or in the sun at room temperature (40–50°C) for 7 days. A 15-member sensory panel used a 9-point hedonic scale to rate the pastes on their appearance, smell, texture, taste, aftertaste, and overall acceptability. The results revealed that drying tomatoes in the oven took less time and produced tomato paste with less moisture, more lycopene and vitamin C, and a brighter, more even colour than drying them in the sun. The sensory ratings for oven-dried paste (appearance: 8.2 ± 0.6; total acceptability: 8.3 ± 0.5) were always higher than those for sun-dried paste (appearance: 6.7 ± 0.8; overall acceptability: 6.5 ± 0.9). This shows that people clearly preferred the oven-dried product. Oven drying, on the other hand, was better for microbiological safety and texture. Sun drying, on the other hand, was more energy-efficient but led to uneven drying, nutritional loss, and worse sensory quality. These results indicate that oven drying is a more effective technique for creating high-quality tomato paste with improved nutritional and sensory attributes.
Parthenogenesis between reality and truth
Meiosis and mitosis are the two most crucial processes that eukaryotes use to create their genomes during sexual reproduction. Meiosis and mitosis differ in a number of ways, including: Meiosis I involves the rearrangement of chromosomes with homologous centromeres, known as reduction division, and Meiosis II involves the segregation of sister centromeres (equational division) (Meyer et al. 2010). Initially, meiosis is defined as a single round of DNA replication, followed by two main processes. Parthenogenesis in mammalian cells was initially reported in 2006, when the cells were assessed for pluri potency and differentiation plasticity in vitro and in vivo (Pennarossa et al., 2011). The process of developing embryos from unfertilized oocytes is known as "in vitro parthenogenesis," and it can be induced in a number of animals, including mammals. The prospective uses of this approach in stem cell research, reproductive biology, and agricultural developments have drawn interest. Certain triggers, including raising cytoplasmic free calcium levels, can cause parthenogenesis in mammalian oocytes (Kharche & Birade, 2013). There are several activation techniques, but because the process is specific to each species, they must be customized (Kharche & Birade, 2013). Cloning, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and the production of pluripotent stem cell lines—all essential for tissue engineering—can be accomplished with activated oocytes (Kharche & Birade, 2013).
Effects of Four Imported Floating Diets on Feed Intake and Daily Feeding Rate of Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844).
The present study was conducted in the laboratories of the Aquaculture Unit, College of Agriculture, University of Basra, to determine the effect of four imported floating feeds (Arabco, Aleer, Arasco and Grand).Feed intake as well as the daily rate of. Twelve glass aquarium were used, with four treatments and three replicates for each treatment. The average weight of the experimental fish was 50.62 ± 2.61 g. The experimental fish were brought from Al-Bahaa Fish Farm located in Abi Al-Khaseeb District, south of Basra City, Iraq. The results showed that the daily feed intake was 12.40, 16.53, 14.50 and 12.31 g. and the daily feeding rate was 0.12, 0.17, 0.15 and 0.12 g. for grass carp fed floating diets from Arabco, Aller, Arasco and Grand, respectively. The statistical analysis's results showed that there were significant differences (P ≤0.05) in the in the daily feed intake of grass carp fed floating diets from Arabco, Arasco, Grand, and Arasco from Aller, The floating diets of Grand and Arabco were not different significantly (P > 0.05). with. the floating diets of Arabco and Grand..
Floating diet, Arabco, Aller, Arasco, Grand, Daily consumed feed, Daily feeding rate
The Synergistic Impact of IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms and Epidemiological Variables on Brucellosis-Induced Abortion in Ewes
The present study sought to ascertain the correlation between genetic polymorphisms of the IL-10 gene and abortion in aborted ewes, utilizing a sample size of 100 (75 aborted ewes and 25 pregnant ewes as a control group). The current study indicated that age may influence the risk of brucellosis; ewes were categorized into three age groups, with the 5-7 year age group exhibiting a considerable rise in brucellosis cases (35 out of 48 cases; 72.9%). The high incidence of brucellosis in the first age group (1-4 years) accounted for 17 out of 23 cases, representing 73.9%. In the age bracket of 8-9 years, 13 out of 48 cases (27.1%) exhibited a reduction in abortions. The findings of this study demonstrate a significant correlation between the gestational stage and the etiology of abortion. Conversely, abortion cases occurring in the first and second trimesters were ascribed to factors unrelated to Brucella melitensis. During that period, a direct sequencing method was employed for the analyzed PCR amplicons. Subsequently, the identified variations were positioned according to their locations within the corresponding genomic DNA sequences. The current results demonstrated the presence of the 117 C>G, 118 G>C polymorphisms, and C-del 256 of the IL-10 gene. The current findings indicate a non-significant connection (p value: 0.09204) between the 117C>G and 118G>C polymorphisms of the IL-10 gene polymorphisms and abortion in aborted ewes.
Abortion, ewe, IL-10, polymorphism, brucellosis.
Genetic polymorphism of FASN gene and its relationship to some body dimensions, growth, and fertility traits in Awassi sheep
Abstract: The study was conducted at the Sheep and Goat Research Station in Al-Shatra District, north of Thi-Qar, affiliated with the Thi-Qar Agriculture Directorate, and included 39 ewes of the Awassi sheep breed. The study aimed to analyze the genotyps of the FASN gene using the sequencing technique and to determine its relationship with growth traits, body dimensions, and fertility rate. DNA sequencing results in exons (39-38-37, 617 base pairs long) showed no mutations, while sequencing of exons (20-19-18) of 997 base pairs revealed a C>G mutation at position 562 within exon 20, resulting in an amino acid change from leucine to Valine. It is a missense mutation. Three genotypes have been identified (CC, CG, GG). The wild type (CC) was the most common (53.1%), with an allelic frequency of 0.69 for the C allele and 0.31 for the G allele. The results showed a significant effect of FASN gene genotypes on the rear height trait; CG ewes outperformed GG and CC ewes. A significant effect was also recorded on the birth weight of the fetus, with the GG combination being superior, without any significant differences being recorded in the fertility rate between the three combinations. The study concludes the importance of the FASN gene as a genetic indicator for improving productive performance in Awassi sheep by selecting genetic combinations associated with the best productive traits.
FASN gene, Body dimensions, Fertility, Awassi sheep
Study on the Effect and Importance of Nutritional Supplements on Productivity Enhancement in Poultry
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of various nutritional supplements on the productive performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens, as well as their impact on poultry health and productivity. The focus was on amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Arandomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to compare the effects of dietary supplements against a control group. The experiment lasted 40 days, starting from day one to day 40, and was carried out at Al-Abbasia Field (Private Sector) under controlled environmental conditions compliant with standard poultry farming climate criteria. Control Group (n=20): Fed a basal diet with no additives. Experimental Group (n=20): Fed a basal diet supplemented with a blend of probiotics + selenium + vitamins + enzymes + amino acids. The experimental group showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in: Final body weight (2850g vs. 2450g). Daily growth rate (71.25g/day vs. 61.25g/day). Additionally, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved in the supplemented group (1.65 vs. 1.85), indicating higher feed efficiency. Incorporate nutritional supplements (probiotics, enzymes, amino acids) into broiler diets to enhance growth and feed efficiency. Monitor FCR to evaluate feed utilization and adjust dietary formulations as needed.Optimize environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, ventilation) to maximize supplement efficacy.
Nutritional supplements, Productivity enhancement, Poultry nutrition .
Breed Effect and Genetic Characterization of the THRSP Gene in Local and Shami Goats
This study was conducted at the Ruminant Research Station affiliated with the Agricultural Research Directorate. The study aimed to investigate the effect of goat breed on body dimension traits (chest circumference, body length, height at the withers, and height at the rump), growth traits (birth weight, weaning weight, average daily gain from birth to weaning, and current weight), and the genetic variation among the studied traits as well as the genetic characterization of the local and Shami goat breeds.The results showed that the studied growth traits were not significantly affected by breed, with no notable differences among the three genotypes (CC, GC, GG) of the targeted gene segment THRSP in the local goats. Similarly, in the Shami goats, no significant differences were observed among the three genotypes for any of the growth traits.Furthermore, the results indicated that there were no significant effects of the three genotypes (CC, GC, GG) resulting from the 322.G>C mutation on body dimension traits in either of the two breeds (local and Shami). It was also observed that the genotype GG had a higher frequency than the other two genotypes (CC and GC) in both local and Shami goats.Regarding the biodiversity indicators for the studied gene THRSP, both local and Shami breeds showed a lower effective allele number compared to the actual allele number. The Shannon-Weiner index showed weak or low values in both breeds. The homogeneity index (E) in both breeds indicated a near-complete homogeneity among genotypes, approaching a value of 1. However, the genetic differentiation index reflected a degree of genetic variation between the two breeds (local and Shami), while the gene flow rate was high, indicating strong gene exchange between the two breeds.
breeds, THRSP gene, Genetic Characterization, goats.
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SPRAYING WITH GROWTH STIMULANTS ROOTEX AND VAGE AMINO IN IMPROVING THE QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FRUITS OF ZIZIPHUS SPINA L. TREES
The research was carried out in a private orchard associated with Dhi Qar Governorate during the autumn season of 2024-2025 to examine the impact of spraying the growth stimulant Rootex and vage amino on enhancing the qualitative attributes of Ziziphus spina trees. Rootex was utilised at three concentrations (0, 1, and 2 g/L), whilst vage amino was employed at three concentrations (0, 1.5, and 0.3 ml/L). The experiment was conducted as a factorial study utilising the randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Upon conclusion of the trial, the statistical analysis yielded the following results: The application of 2 g/L of Rootex growth promoter shown superiority in average fruit length and drop, average fresh and dry weight of fruit, flesh and seed, and average pulp/seed ratio, yielding values of 2.55 cm, 2.41 cm, 11.28 g, 10.15 g, 1.36 g, and 7.37 g, respectively. The administration of 3 ml/L of vage amino growth promoter demonstrated superiority in average fruit length and drop, average fresh and dry weight of fruit, flesh and seed, and average pulp/seed ratio, yielding measurements of 2.67 cm, 2.53 cm, and 11.44. The interaction treatment demonstrated significant superiority, with the combination of Rootex at 2 gm/L and vage amino at 3 ml/L surpassing the average length and diameter of the fruit, as well as the average fresh and dry weight of both the flesh and seed, and the average pulp/seed ratio, yielding results of 2.85 cm, 2.71 cm, 12.96 gm, 11.99 gm, 1.46 gm, and 8.19 gm, respectively.
The relationship between the genetic polymorphism of the IGF-1 gene and some production traits in Ross 308 broiler chickens has been studied
To determine the genetic variations of the Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 IGF-1 gene and study its relationship with certain production traits, including weekly weight, weekly weight gain rate, bird length, back width, carcass length, Chest fullness, relative weights of consumed organs, and abdominal fat percentage, in Ross 308 broiler chickens, a total of 150 chicks were bred from day-old to 35 days under good rearing conditions based on the rearing guide and followed a free feeding system. At the end of the rearing period, blood samples were collected from the birds through the wing vein to extract the genetic material, DNA. Three genetic structures were identified using sequencing technology: GG, GT, and TT, with frequencies of 0.34, 0.58, and 0.08, respectively. The allele frequencies for G and T were 0.63 and 0.37, respectively. The results showed a significant superiority (P≤0.05) in weight and weight gain for the TT genetic structure in the third, fourth, and fifth weeks compared to the other genetic structures GT and GG. Similarly, the TT structure showed superiority in bird length measurement in the third and fourth weeks, as well as in carcass length measurement. The GG genetic structure exhibited superiority in back width measurement in the second week of rearing compared to the other genetic structures. However, no significant differences were observed among the genetic structures in the relative weights of consumed organs (liver, heart, and gizzard), abdominal fat percentage, and Chest fullness.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Impact of Timed Artificial Insemination within Presynchronization Protocol on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cows
The aims of this study were to compare of some reproductive performance after timed artificial insemination (TAI) or using artificial insemination (AI) at oestrus detected. Fifty anoestrus cows, selected between 75 and 100 days postpartum, were separated into two equal groups. The control group (n = 25) consisted of cows that received no treatment and underwent artificial insemination when the first postpartum oestrus was identified. The treated group (n = 25) of cows underwent the presynchronization protocol [Day 0 (GnRH); Day 7 (GnRH); Day 14 (PGF2α); Day 15 (PGF2α); Day 16 (GnRH); TAI 16-24 hours latter]. Trans-rectal ultrasonography confirmed the pregnancy on days 35-40 after insemination. The results of this study show pregnancy rate (PR) for the treated group was significantly higher than (P=0.04) to that of the control group (56% vs. 28%, respectively). Furthermore, mean days of days open (DO) and calving interval (CI) for the treated group (104 ±2.8 and 384 ±2.8, respectively) were significantly (P=0.001) shorter than those in the control group 156 ±17.3 and 436 ±17.3, respectively). In conclusion, using TAI within presynchronization protocol eliminate the requirement for oestrus detection and improve reproductive performance at first service in postpartum dairy cows.
Calving interval, Days Open, Pregnancy rate, Presynch, Timed Artificial Insemination
Omar Jassim Alhayany Omar Jassim Alhayany
Ahmed Ibrahem Alsuwaidawi Ahmed Ibrahem Alsuwaidawi
Copyright (c) 2025 mahmood alqaisi, Ismaeel Saad Kuridi , Omar Jassim Alhayany , Ahmed Ibrahem Alsuwaidawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physiological and Chemical Responses of Tissue-Cultured Barhi and Hilali Date of Foliar Amino Acid Application
This study was conducted in one of the private orchards in Nasiriyah district, Thi- Qar Governorate, Iraq, during the growing season of 2023, with the aim of knowing the effect of spraying tissue-propagated Barhi and Hilali date palm trees cultivars with a mixture of some amino acids to improve fruit set, reduce the percentage of parthinocarpic fruits, and some chemical characteristics of fruits in the Hababok stage. The mixture of protein amino acids consisted of (L- Mithionine, L- Lysine, L- Glutamic, L- Arginine, and L- Tryptophan) at two concentrations (25 and 50) mg L-1 for each of them, in addition to their interactions and the comparison treatment. The results of the study showed that spraying with the mixture of amino acids led to a significant increase in each of the percentage of fruit set and concentrations of amino acids, total soluble proteins, and total soluble carbohydrates, and the concentration treatment (50 ml L-1) was significantly superior and achieved the highest averages of (72.83%), (6.95, 7.84, and 15.71) mg g-1, respectively. The concentration treatment (50 ml L-1) also achieved the lowest average of parthinocarpic fruits, reaching (24.41%). Regarding the cultivar effect, the Barhi cultivar significantly outperformed and achieved the highest averages for each of the percentage of fruit set and the fruit content of amino acids, total soluble proteins, and total soluble carbohydrates, reaching (68.98%), (5.42, 6.45, and 14.00) mg g-1, respectively, the Barhi cultivar also achieved the lowest average, with a significant difference, for the percentage of parthinocarpic fruit, reaching (30.58%), compared to the Hilali cultivar. Interaction coefficients between the study factors were significantly superior to the interaction treatment between the Barhi cultivar and amino acids at a concentration of (50 ml L-1), achieving the highest averages for each of the percentage of fruit set and its amino acid content, total soluble proteins and total soluble carbohydrates amounted to (74.68%) and (7.76, 8.63 and 18.47) mg g-1, respectively. This interaction treatment also achieved the lowest average and significant difference in the percentage of parthinocarpic fruits, reaching (21.83%) compared to the rest of the interaction treatments.
amino acids, variety, proteins, fruit set percentage
Copyright (c) 2025 Batool Hanoon Falih AL-zubaidy, Ahmed Dinar Al-Asadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effect of Growth Hormone in Increasing Flowering of Gardenia Jasminoides L.
Gardenia plants are characterized by the beauty of leaves and aromatic flowers, that makes them one of the most important types of ornamental plants. Traditional propagation methods such as seeds and cuttings are considered insufficient to achieve high propagation rates, for this reason, plant tissue culture techniques were used. This study was conducted in Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of College of Agriculture at University of Kufa, during period from September 5, 2024 to March 5, 2025. Plant parts were used, represented by (shoot tips) and (nodal segments), from the shady (dwarf) variety Cardinia known as (Radicans). The effect of Benzyl Adenine (BA) concentrations on emergence of seedlings appeared from planting shoot tips of Cardinia plant after (4) weeks of cultivation. The 1 mg/L treatment was most effective, that recording highest shoot length (11.0 cm) and number of shoots (1.9), while 0 mg/L treatment achieved highest number of leaves (3.1), but had lower branch length (0.40 cm). The 0.5 mg/L treatment also showed good response, achieving high leaf width (2.1 cm) despite decrease in number of shoots to 1.2. In contrast, the 1.5 mg/L treatment showed an increase in number of branches (2.0) and number of leaves (3.9), but recorded lower shoot length (0.60 cm). On the other hand, 2 mg/L treatment was the least effective, recording lowest number of leaves (0.04) and shoot length (0.10 cm). While the effect of different concentrations of (BA) on multiplying gardenia plants was shown after 12 weeks of cultivation, and concentration 1.5 mg/L recorded highest number of shoots (4.5) and highest number of leaves (4.55), which indicating the effectiveness of this concentration in promoting growth, while concentration of 2.5 mg/L was lowest, recording lowest number of shoots (0.55) and lowest number of leaves (1.85). As for effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) concentrations on emergence of plantlets from tips of gardenia plant after (4) weeks of cultivation, highest response was shown at concentration of 2.5 mg/L, where a 100% response rate was recorded with shoot lengths of (10.3) cm and number of leaves of (39). While the concentration of 0 mg/L was lowest, as no response or growth was recorded. While effect of (NAA) concentrations on growth of gardenia plant was shown after (12) weeks of planting, plants at concentration of 0 mg/L did not show any response, as all values ​​were zero. With increasing concentration to 0.5 mg/L, a complete response (100%) was shown, with production of 5.12 shoots and branch length of (1.65) cm. At concentration of 1 mg/L, the number of shoots decreased to (4.50), Although the response remained complete.
Gardenia, Growth Hormone, Flowering, Propagation, Rooting, Auxin, Abscisic acid.
Copyright (c) 2025 alyaa Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Impact of using licorice root aqueous extract,.on Peking duck carcass
The study conducted in one of the private fields for raising Peking ducks in Al-Muthanna Governorate, starting from 14/2/2025 to10/4/2025. 60 one-day-old Peking ducklings were raised from unsexed Peking ducks with an average weight of 42g. The ducklings were prepared from the local markets in Diwaniyah Governorate, to demonstrate the effect of studying different levels of aqueous extract of licorice on carcass of Peking ducks. The chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments, each with three replicates (5 chicks per replica). They were placed in twelve pens. The trial consisted of the following treatments: T1: Control treatment (no addition). T2: 5 ml of licorice aqueous/ L T3: 10 ml of licorice aqueous/ L T4: 15 ml of licorice aqueous/ L The results indicated the following: The addition of licorice aqueous extract to the drinking water of Peking ducks resulted in remarkable improvement. In the researched production traits, body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio improvement were examined. The fourth treatment, which used 15 ml of licorice aqueous extract per liter of drinking water, produced the best results. The results showed a significant increase in the dressing percentage with and without edible viscera, the relative weight of edible viscera (giblet), and the relative weight of the main cuts, with a significant decrease in the secondary cuts of Peking duck carcasses treated with various levels of licorice aqueous extract, particularly at a concentration of 15 ml/liter of drinking water.
ducks, carcass, licorice aqueous extract
Copyright (c) 2025 alaa ahmed, haneen sattar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of using fermented feed with Iraqi probiotic on some physiological traits of ducks
In order to show the impact of fermented feed including Iraqi bio-enhancer on some immune and physiological aspects of ducks, this study was carried out at one of the domestic duck breeding farms in the Al-Muthanna Governorate between January 14, 2025, and March 10, 2025. I raised 75 one-day-old chicks, each weighing 42 grams on average. The ducklings were created using ingredients from the Diwaniyah Governorate's local markets. In accordance with the experiment's four treatments and the control treatment, the chicks were grown in a closed hall and placed in a group of cages. Three replicates were used for each treatment, and each replicate contained five birds, for a total of fifteen broiler chicks for one treatment. The following were the experimental treatments: T1: (without any additives) T2: Second treatment: 25% feed fermented with Iraqi bio-enrichment.+ 75% dry feed T3: Third treatment: 50% feed fermented with Iraqi bio-enrichment.+ 50% dry feed T4: Fourth treatment: 75% feed fermented with Iraqi bio-enrichment.+ 25% dry feed T5: Fifth treatment: 100% feed fermented with Iraqi bio-enrichment The results indicated the following:
Copyright (c) 2025 haneen sattar, alaa ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Impact of the Number of Harrowing Times on Draft Force, Soil Fragmentation, and Bulk Density under Different Forward speeds and Depths
A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the Faculty of Agriculture, Karma Ali site, on clay soil, according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The plowing process was performed with a disk plow and harrowing with a disk harrow once, twice, and three times, while the plowing depth of 15, 20, and 25 cm, and the forward speed levels of 2.58, 4.03 and 5.57 km h-1. The results showed that the draft force required by the disk plow used in the plowing process was higher than the traction force required by the draft ged disk harrow used in the harrowing process by a percentage of 10.11, 10.87, and 11.67% in the case of harrowing once, twice, and three times, respectively. The traction force also decreased with increasing harrowing times, as when Increasing the tillage from once to twice and three times decreased the draft force by 15% and 32% respectively. The number of tillage times, once, twice and three times, was significantly superior in reducing the values ​​of the crumbling index and apparent density compared to the plowing process, as the plowing process recorded the highest draft force and the highest values ​​of the crumbling index and apparent density of 14.95 kN, 42.02 mm and 1.35 Mg m-3 respectively. The results also showed the significant interaction between the tillage and the plowing depth in reducing the draft force, crumbling index and apparent density compared to the plowing process. The lowest crumbling index and lowest draft force were at a depth of 15 cm and three times of 14.76 mm and 2.89 kN respectively. The lowest apparent density was 1.09 g.cm-3 at a depth of 15 cm and two times of harrowing. As for the interaction between the plowing and harrowing process and the forward speed, the speed was recorded The forward speed of 2.58 km h-1 and the three-time harrowing operation recorded the lowest draft force of 2.96 kN and the lowest pulverization index at a forward speed of 5.57 km h-1 and three-time harrowing operations of 15.39 mm. The forward speed of 15.57 km h-1 and two-time harrowing operations recorded the lowest apparent density of 1.07 Mg m-3.
Copyright (c) 2025 aabas aali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Multifactorial Stressors: Linking Fusarium Infection, Heavy Metals, and Salinity to Physiological Dysfunction in Tomato Solanum lycopersicum L.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a globally strategic crop, vital for food security and agricultural economies, yet its productivity is increasingly threatened by biotic and abiotic stresses. This study investigates the combined effects of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), heavy metals (cadmium, cobalt, chromium and lead), and salinity on biochemical and growth parameters of the Yassamen tomato variety. Results revealed that FOL infection alone significantly reduced chlorophyll content (3.68 to 2.96 mg.g⁻¹) and total soluble carbohydrates (2.51 to 1.95 mg.g⁻¹), while elevating oxidative stress markers: hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 0.18 to 0.58 µmol.g⁻¹) and malondialdehyde (MDA, 0.13 to 0.44 nmol.g⁻¹). Synergistic interactions exacerbated stress responses, with lead and high salinity (12 dS.m⁻¹) causing the most severe declines in chlorophyll (1.61 and 1.41 mg.g⁻¹, respectively) and carbohydrates (1.40 and 1.32 mg.g⁻¹). Proline accumulation peaked under combined stresses (2.20 µmol.g⁻¹ with FOL + 12 dS.m⁻¹), suggesting a partial compensatory mechanism. Growth parameters were severely inhibited: plant height decreased by 36.8% under FOL, plummeting further to 68% with FOL + 12 dS.m⁻¹, while root dry weight dropped by 63% under FOL + chromium. These findings underscore the compounded damage caused by FOL, heavy metals, and salinity, linked to oxidative membrane damage, photosynthetic impairment, and resource diversion to stress mitigation. To safeguard tomato productivity in stress-prone regions, integrated strategies such as developing stress-tolerant cultivars, optimizing soil remediation, and managing pathogen load are urgently recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Abass, Nisreen Razak, Khairullah Awad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Risks of zoonotic diseases from livestock and health literacy in Thiqar/Al rifai
The understanding, beliefs, and behaviors will be determined by this investigation regarding diseases that humans contract from animals. In this , 77 people functioning ( reproducers, obese animals, vendors) of cattle .wide open The Region of Al Rifai, ThiQar, Iraq. Those individuals addressed a sociodemographic inquiry notwithstanding one more three sorts of inquiries (information perspectives, methods), the information's grade rating has been determined by emphasizing each question. Participants 72, they were 45 years old on average.. Approximately %87.6% of the participants had already recently contaminated, and %58.6 were unaware of this Just 12.6% of the participants got prepared about creature farming. %37.6 of the members used to have farming training 96% of the people that used to drink unsterilized milk of them will be aware that it can cause infections, and.%65 of aware of this. According to this research, the prevalence rate of attracting a disease from an animal was 5.6%. Gloves were worn by 36.2% of the participants, whereas veils were worn by only 28%. %13 did not use any private defensive hardware. The use of crude dairy was typical those that were unaware that it would be tainted (p =.) 0.02% The participants knew a great deal about the diseases that animals could transmit, but they were less aware that poultry could also be a source of contamination (P <0.001)..) Members don't behave in an apparent defensive manner. the need for safety clothing or help getting ready, particularly when itcomes to using it.
zoonotic diseases, cattle producers, contaminated
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of replacing urea-treated sugarcane bagasse with different proportions of barley on some blood biochemical traits of Arabian sheep
This study aimed to investigate the effect of substituting barley with urea-treated sugarcane bagasse at different ratios (0, 10, 20 and 30%) on blood biochemical parameters in the serum of Arabian lambs. The study included 16 Arabian lambs, purchased from local markets in Basra Governorate, at the age of 5-6 months, with an average weight of 25 ± 0.75 kg. Lambs were divided into four treatments (4 lambs per treatment). The treatments were: T1 the control (0% sugarcane bagasse treated with urea), T2 (10% sugarcane bagasse treated with urea), T3 (20% sugarcane bagasse treated with urea) and T4 (30% sugarcane bagasse treated with urea). The feeding period was 90 days including 14 days of adaptation. The results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) in total protein concentration (g/L) in favor of the treatments fed urea-treated sugarcane bagasse compared to the control treatment throughout the study period. There were significant differences (P≤0.05) in albumin concentration during the second month of the study in the treatments fed urea-treated sugarcane bagasse compared to the control treatment, while the differences were not significant in the first and third months of the study. There were significant differences (P≤0.05) in globulin concentration during the first and second months in favor of the treatments fed urea-treated sugarcane bagasse compared to the control treatment, while the differences were not significant in the third month. There was a significant increase (P≤0.05) in urea concentration (mmol/L) in the treatments fed urea-treated sugarcane bagasse compared to the control treatment. There was a significant increase (P≤0.05) in creatinine concentration (mmol/L) in the treatments fed urea-treated sugarcane bagasse compared to the control treatment. There was a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the concentration of liver enzymes AST and ALT (IU/L) in the treatments fed urea-treated sugarcane bagasse compared to the control treatment, but these levels remained within the normal range. It is concluded that replacing urea-treated sugarcane bagasse in lamb rations has no negative effect on the health status of lambs.
Sugarcane bagasse, Arabian lambs, Urea treatment, biochemical profile
Copyright (c) 2025 alaa fadhil, jalal ogali usur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Using random amplification polymorphism (RAPD-PCR) markers to determine the genetic variability of some local and tissue cultured date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. cultivars.
This study was conducted during the growing season (2024) in one of the private orchards in Nasiriyah district, the center of Dhi Qar Governorate, at longitude (46.06) and latitude (31.90) on some date palm cultivars produced by tissue culture and their counterparts grown by the offshoot method (traditional method). The aim of this study is to study the molecular characterization and determine the genetic fingerprint of the studied cultivars, which are (local Barhi and produced by tissue culture, local Balka and produced by tissue culture, local Sukkari and produced by tissue culture), in addition to the cultivars produced by tissue culture only (Khalas, Saqai and Majhool). Study molecular characters by using RAPD technique for (11) primers, And the results were analyzed for the molecular indicators using Photocapt ready-made program package, and then tree cluster analysis was conducted to distinguish between the varieties under study and draw the cluster convergence tree between the cultivars. The results showed that all the all primers used in the study (HB12, OPA12, OPB07, OPC09, OPC13, OPD10, OPD20, OPH-03, OPH-06, OPK18, and OPN-17) were efficient in determining the genetic fingerprint and finding genetic variation among the studied cultivars. The results showed that all primers gave a total number of bands (530 bands). The primer (OPH03) gave the highest number of bands (61 bands) and the number of different bands among them (51 bands), thus achieving a variation ratio of (83.60%), the highest efficiency ratio of (11.50%), and highest diagnostic power of (14.69%), while the primer (OPN17) gave lowest number of bands (31 bands), the number of different bands among them (17 bands), with contrast ratio of (54.83%), and gave lowest efficiency ratio of (5.84%). The results of the tree cluster analysis of studied cultivars and all the primers showed that studied cultivars were distributed into two groups. The first group included the cultivars (Khalas, Majhool and Saqai produced by tissue culture), while the second group included the cultivars (local Sukkari and produced by tissue culture, Barhi produced by tissue culture and local, local Balka and produced by tissue culture). The largest genetic distance was recorded by Khalas produced by tissue culture cultivar, which reached (28.8%), and thus it is the most distant genetically from the rest of cultivars, while the cultivars of second group recorded great genetic convergence, as percentage of genetic similarity between local Barhi and produced by tissue culture cultivars reached (100%), and between the local Balka and produced by tissue culture cultivars reached (100%), while the percentage of genetic similarity between the local Sukkari and produced by tissue culture cultivars reached (97%).
Random Doubling RAPD, Date Palm, Molecular Traits, Primers
Ahmed Dinar Al-Asadi Ahmed Dinar Al-Asadi
Copyright (c) 2025 saja hassan, Ahmed Dinar Al-Asadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Genetic Polymorphism of the DCT gene in local ducks raised in Iraq
The study was conducted in the field of waterfowls birds breeding / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah during the period from 5/12/2023 to 1/30/2024, to detect the genetic polymorphism of the (DCT) gene. In this study (270 chicks from three genetic groups of local ducks were used according to the feather colours (white, gray) and mallard ducks with (90) chicks for each group. (25) blood samples were collected from each group at the age of (6) weeks. DCT gene amplification and DNA sequencing revealed four base-change sites (70T>C), (148C>T), (234G>A), and (370A>G) and a group of alleles associated with feather colour. The genotypes showed an equilibrium of different mutation sites, the genetic mutation (70T>C) was equilibrium in all feather colour groups of ducks, while the other genetic mutation (148C>T) is for ducks with gray and mallards, and the two genetic mutations (234G>A) for white and (370A>G) are in ducks with white and gray feathers. Shannon's index values ​​increased for all mutation sites in local ducks. The frequencies of observed heterozygous genotypes were higher than the frequencies of observed homozygous genotypes, and negative values ​​for the stability index were recorded for all mutation sites.
Genetic Polymorphism; Plumage Color; DCT gene; local ducks
Sajida. A. Al-Shaheen Sajida. A. Al-Shaheen
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Hussein Majeed Shareef, Sajida. A. Al-Shaheen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Spatial and temporal distribution of heavy elements in the roadsides of Basrah Government.
Since heavy element pollution of soil has become a global issue for human health and food security concerns, the purpose of this study is to determine the levels of heavy element pollution by examining the effects of vehicle traffic on the roads and the toxic waste it generates in the streets of Basrah Government in southern Iraq. The core samples were collected randomly from October 2022 to April 2023 for the purpose of measuring the concentrations of heavy elements (manganese - lead - cadmium - chromium - zinc - iron - nickel) in exchangeable and residual phases in roadsid soil, using the flame atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Pollution indicators: geoaccumulation index (I-geo) , Contamination factor (CF) and Enrichment factor (EF) , were also measured . The results of the highest concentrations of heavy elements (Ni, Fe, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Mn) in the Exchangeable phase of soil were (113.45,2462.16,69.24,204.87,3.49,842.05,1407.00 μg/g dry weight respectively. While the lowest concentration was 14.82,598.58,8.96,72.88,0.84,5.14,45.11) μg/g dry weight respectively. Whereas the highest concentration in residual phase of soil was 94.45 ,3340.87 ,58.35 ,318.59 ,2.74, 681.12 ,222.44 μg/g dry weight respectively. While the lowest concentration was (18.30,902.32,12.04,40.69,0.54,14.72,6.53 (μg/g dry weight respectively. Assessment of heavy elements pollution, using pollution indexes registered that the annual average of study station with (I-geo) factor ranged from moderately polluted to polluted, especially with Pb, Ni and Cr. Also, contamination factor indicated CF considerable contamination to very high contamination especially with Pb and Ni . Enrichment factor( EF ) indicated very severe enrichment to extremely severe enrichment especially with, Pb, Ni and Cr . pollution of the study area by heavy elements depended of indexes factors in the order of Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd > Mn > Zn > Fe .
pollution, soil, accumulation, heavy elements, cadmium
Salwa A. Abduljaleel Salwa A. Abduljaleel
Makia Mohalhul Al-Hejuje Makia Mohalhul Al-Hejuje
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Hussein Oleiwi Anber, Salwa A. Abduljaleel, Makia Mohalhul Al-Hejuje https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morphological and molecular study of L.cyprinacea In Cyprinus carpio from Aghjalar region in Sulaimani province
A total of 80 fish (Cyprinus carpio) have been collected from the Aghjalar region in Sulaimani province, Kurdistan region-Iraq . Morphological and light microscopy, as well as the sequencing analysis of (28S rDNA), were used to describe Lernaeacyprinaceain this study. 51 individuals (63.8%) were found to be infested with the ectoparasite Lernaea spp. The overall mean parasite load per infected fish was extremely high, recorded at 14.7 parasites per host, but individuals with even higher numbers of parasites also exist. Molecular analysis results indicate that the PCR product of Lernaeacyprinaceawas 715 bp recorded the highest similarity with (OM835790.1, OM827070.1, OM827069.1, MW423693.1, and MW423694.1) with homology 100%.Our phylogenetic analyses showed that the taxonomic position of the species L. cyprinaceais closely related toLernaeacyprinacea(OM835790.1, OM827070.1, OM827069.1, MW423693.1 and MW423694.1) and Lernaea cruciata(MH982212.1 and MH982215.1). The L. cyprinaceaidentified in our study has the same morphological characteristics as the L. cyprinaceawhich was found for the first time in Iraq.
Molecular phylogenetics, Lernaeacyprinacea, Cyprinus carpio, 28S rDNA sequencing
Copyright (c) 2025 Nazanin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of dietary inulin with hypercholesterolemia
The carbohydrates known as non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO) include inulin-fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which have been consumed by humans for a very long time. In vitro and in vivo research have demonstrated that inulin has several nutritional benefits, primarily related to the stimulation of bifidobacteria. Similar to dietary fiber, inulin shares all the properties and health advantages of non-digestible polysaccharides (NDP). The normal physical effects of dietary fiber, including significant increases in osmotic pressure, intestinal bulking effects, intensive water holding, and dramatic viscosity building, are not present in inulin. The capacity of inulin to specifically promote the growth of bacterial genera and species known to be health-promoting in vivo in humans, such as Bifidobacterium (apart from Bifidum) and Lactobacillus, at the expense of potentially harmful microorganisms, accounts for a number of the vitamin's more notable health benefits. Therefore, inulin is typically regarded as a bifidogenic factor prebiotic. Prebiotics, such as inulin, have the advantage of promoting the selective growth of endogenous bacteria in their natural habitat, without being overly impacted by their surroundings, unlike probiotics. Inulin can be referred to as a "physiologically functional food" or food ingredient, or simply a food with potential health-promoting effects, due to its effects on gut microbiota, blood glucose attenuation, lipid homeostasis, mineral and nitrogen bioavailability, immunomodulation effects, and the ability to add texture and improve rheological characteristics and nutritional properties of food.
Hypercholesterolemia, Inulin, Probiotic, Yoghurt
Sadiq Jaafir Aziz Alneamah Sadiq Jaafir Aziz Alneamah
Copyright (c) 2025 saraa amer, Sadiq Jaafir Aziz Alneamah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0