University of Thi-Qar Journal of agricultural research
University of Thi-Qar Journal of agriculture research is a global, scientific and open access journal. and it is published from the Agriculture and Marshes College/ University of Thi-qar/ Iraq. UTJagr is an open journal that aims to Distribute the all information about the agricultural sciences and all other related sciences to this field around the world.The importance of providing food basket for the global communities and the importance of agricultural science in the development and provision of this basket of food. It is necessary to publish all researches in this aspect to reach those interested in agriculture, so this journal was founded to contribute and transfer of agricultural information.
Agriculture and Marshes College, University of Thi-Qar
Genetic Response of Barley under Drought and Heat Stress Conditions
This study aims to evaluate the genetic response of barley under drought and heat stress conditions and to identify the most tolerant varieties, thereby contributing to improved breeding and selection programs. The study employed a field experiment with a replicated experimental design, involving several barley varieties exposed to different environmental conditions. Growth and yield characteristics, along with several physiological and genetic indicators related to stress tolerance, were measured. Measurements included plant height, number of spikes, grain weight, seed yield, chlorophyll content, relative moisture in tissues, and indicators of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes. Statistical analysis was also conducted to test for differences between varieties and estimate genetic variation. The results showed significant differences in stress response among the varieties, with some varieties exhibiting superior growth and yield compared to others. The study also demonstrated that the more tolerant varieties exhibited better physiological traits related to water use efficiency and reduced damage from heat and drought. These findings indicate the potential for utilizing superior varieties in genetic improvement programs to produce barley varieties more tolerant to harsh climatic conditions.
barley, drought, heat, tolerance, genetics
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Importance of Nutrition in facilitating ruminant physiological processes and productive performance
The manner in which we control ruminant nutrition directly affects the productivity and general well-being of these animals. Alongside that of production, reproduction, and the yield of milk and/or meat, an optimum nutrition has beneficial impacts on crucial physiological processes required for general well-being. The objective of this systematic review is to compile recent studies in this area on the benefits that could be associated with the diet of ruminants (sheep, goats, cattle etc.) regarding their physiological well-being and productivity. This document really emphasizes the value of critical dietary nutrients like energy sources, proteins, minerals, vitamins and feed additives. The role of feeding methods, such as supplements, fodder quality and frequency of feeding is also discussed. In summary all of the above leads to higher production levels and better adaptation to disease resistance. Recent advances in nutritional engineering, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenic substances, which hold considerable promise for the enhancement of physiological responses, are also presented in the article. It is also highlighted in the paper that specific dietary plans that respond to individual animals' condition based on their age, physiological status, and production goal are of significant value in managing ruminants more effectively. There is considerable progress to be made, nevertheless, concerning the application of scientific discoveries into practice, especially in regions where lack of resources exist. All of the above leads to higher production and adaptation to disease resistance. It is also highlighted in the paper that the latest nutritional engineering technologies such as probiotics, prebiotics and phytogenic substances hold immense potential for enhancing physiological responses. The review also reiterates the significance of the individual feed regime in effective ruminant management (age, condition and production of animal). However despite significant advances, it is still not feasible to implement all experimental results on-farm (especially in areas lacking funding) but a lot of ground was covered. In conclusion this study highlights the importance of sound nutrition in improving performance and physiology of the ruminant. In turn, welfare, production and economics of the animal is greatly improved. Ruminants (which supply the world with meat, milk and fibers) form a vital part of the world's food system but their nutrition greatly influences physiology and productivity. It was the objective of this systematic study to assess the improvement in the performance and physiology of the ruminant via its nutrition.
Key word: Ruminant, Performance, Minerals, Vitamin , Probiotics ,Lipid
Ultrasonic extraction of bioactive compounds from almond peels and assessment of their antioxidant activity
The antioxidant activities of almond peels extracts were evaluated and compared with the antioxidant Butylated Hydroxy Toluene ( BHT) using the following tests: reducing power, beta-carotene bleaching, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and F.TC.. almond peels were extracted with different polarities solvents (methanol , ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane ). The properties of extraction solvents significantly affected Extraction yield , total phenolic compound and antioxidant activity of peels extract, methanol (80%) as extraction media give highest extracted yield of crude extract from peels, also the methanolic extract showed highest content of total phenolic compounds compared with other extraction solvents used in study .The methanolic crude extract of peels has better antioxidant activity compared with samples treated with extracts by other extraction solvents . The antioxidant activities can be arranged as follow: BHT > Extracted with methanol> Extracted with ethanol >Extracted with ethyl acetate > Extracted chloroform > Hexane extracted.
Antioxidant activity, Almond peels, BHT, Phenolic compounds, Solvent extraction
Efficacy of Oregano Essential Oil as a Sustainable Biocontrol Agent Against Major Phytopathogens of Tomato and Onion in Karbala, Iraq: From In Vitro to In Vivo Assessment
The intensive use of synthetic fungicides in Iraq, particularly in arid agricultural regions such as Karbala Governorate, has raised concerns regarding pathogen resistance and environmental contamination, highlighting the need for sustainable disease management strategies. This study evaluated the antifungal potential of locally sourced Oregano Essential Oil (OEO) against Alternaria porri, the causal agent of onion purple blotch, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, responsible for tomato fusarium wilt, in the Al-Rujibah district of Karbala. The chemical composition of OEO was characterized using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), while its antifungal efficacy was assessed through in vitro mycelial growth and spore germination assays. Phytotoxicity tests were conducted to determine safe application levels for tomato seeds and onion bulbs, followed by greenhouse experiments to evaluate disease control performance under in vivo conditions. GC–MS analysis revealed that the oil was predominantly composed of carvacrol (57.7%) and thymol (24.5%). The oil exhibited strong antifungal activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.0 µL/mL against A. porri and 1.5 µL/mL against F. oxysporum. Concentrations up to 1.0 µL/mL showed no significant phytotoxic effects and were therefore established as the maximum safe threshold for crop application. Greenhouse trials demonstrated that OEO significantly reduced disease incidence and severity, surpassing the performance of carbendazim in tomato wilt management and providing comparable control of onion purple blotch while enhancing plant growth and yield parameters. These findings demonstrate that OEO represents a promising, environmentally friendly biocontrol agent with potential application in sustainable horticultural production systems and integrated disease management programs in Iraq and other arid regions of the Middle East.
Oregano essential oil; Carvacrol; Alternaria porri; Fusarium oxysporum; Tomato; Onion; Al-Rujibah; Biopesticides; Phytotoxicity; Sustainable agriculture.
Grain peptides and their role as antimicrobial agents, and their applications in food
Grains are a staple food in many cultures and play a crucial role in the human diet. They include whole grains such as rice, wheat, and oats, as well as legumes like beans and lentils. Grains are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, carbohydrates, vitamins (including B vitamins), and minerals (such as iron and magnesium). They also contain bioactive components that enhance health, promote digestion, regulate blood sugar, and lower cholesterol levels. Consuming grains can help prevent chronic diseases like heart disease, obesity, and diabetes, while also reducing inflammation and supporting a healthy weight by promoting a feeling of fullness. Research indicates that grains and legumes create an ideal environment for various microbes, including beneficial bacteria and fungi, which can enhance fiber digestion and produce helpful substances like probiotics. However, there is a risk of harmful microbes contaminating grains during storage or processing, making hygienic handling essential. Grains are widely used in food production for items such as bread, baked goods, pasta, cereals, and snacks. They can also be added to soups, beverages, and dietary supplements. Additionally, grains contribute to health supplements like cereal powders and innovative products like plant-based protein alternatives. Overall, grains are vital sources of energy and essential nutrients, supporting healthy bodily functions and aiding in disease prevention.
Grain peptides, prevention, antimicrobial, antioxidant, health.
The most important diseases affecting tomato crops and methods of prevention and control
The tomato (Lycopersicon milles esculentum) is the second most important vegetable crop globally and in the Arab world. It is an herbaceous plant belonging to the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which includes about 2000 species and 90 genera (Gerszberg et al., 2015). Tomatoes are considered an important agricultural vegetable crop, serving as both a food and processing crop, supporting some food industries and representing a significant source of national agricultural income. Despite the economic and nutritional importance of tomatoes, the local environmental and climatic conditions allow for year-round cultivation (Abdul Sadiq et al., 2020). It is consumed either fresh or cooked and is used in many food industries, whether as a plant-based food or an economic crop of great economic importance in raising farmers' income, especially when it is grown on a large scale. Tomatoes can be used as a vegetable or served with rice and salads (Perveen et al., 2015). Tomatoes have been found to have significant medicinal and nutritional benefits. Approximate analysis shows that fresh (ripe) tomatoes contain: 13 mg of calcium; 27 mg of phosphorus; 0.5 mg of iron; 3 mg of sodium; 244 mg of potassium; vitamin A; 0.6 mg of thiamin; 0.4 mg of riboflavin; 0.7 mg of niacin; and 233 mg of ascorbic acid (Waid and Hanna, 2012 et al., and Audrius, 2016).
The Effect of Spraying with Sugar Alcohols on the Vegetative Growth Traits and Yield of Two Hybrids of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica(
A field experiment was conducted during the 2024-2025 growing season at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture at the University of Basra. The aim was to study the effect of three concentrations of sugar alcohol (sorbitol) (0, 5, and 10) g/L on two hybrids of broccoli (Umbrella , Jasmine( .A completely randomized block design was used for a factorial experiment with three replicates. Average results were analyzed using the statistical program tdec-2008-31 GenStat, and the modified least significant difference test was used to compare averages at a probability level of 0.05. The most important results are summarized as follows: The results showed that the vegetative growth indicators and the yield of the hybrids showed a significant effect, as the hybrid Umbralla recorded a significant superiority. In terms of plant height and leaf number, the results showed that the hybrid Umbralla was significantly superior in terms of main disc weight, main disc diameter, and number of secondary discs, which reached 1129 g/plant-1, 25.32 cm, and 6.20 discs/plant-1, respectively. Sorbitol had a significant effect on vegetative growth and yield, with the 10 g/L treatment being superior in terms of plant height, leaf number, and main disc weight The diameter of the main inflorescence and the number of secondary inflorescences were measured, with average values estimated at 57.54 cm, 34.48 leaves/plant-1, 1142 g/g plant-1, 25.73 cm, and 6.63 inflorescences/plant-1, respectively. The interaction between sorbitol at a concentration of 10 g L-1 and the hybrid 'Umbralla' was significantly higher in plant height, leaf number, main inflorescence weight, main inflorescence diameter, and number of secondary inflorescences.
Proteomic and Molecular Responses of Date Palm Offshoots (cv. Al-Jabjab) under Water Stress and Treated Wastewater Treatments
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different irrigation treatments, including drought stress and biologically treated wastewater irrigation, on protein pattern and gene expression in date palm offshoots (cv. Al-Jabjab). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that all studied trees shared the first and second protein bands with closely similar molecular weights, confirming their genetic uniformity and common plant origin. However, significant variations were observed in the number, position, and molecular weights of protein bands depending on the applied treatment. Drought stress treatments led to an increase in the number of protein bands, indicating activation of gene expression and stimulation of intracellular defense mechanisms. The newly synthesized proteins, particularly low-molecular-weight proteins, are likely osmoprotectant or stress shock proteins that play essential roles in maintaining cellular structure, regulating damaged proteins, and preserving metabolic balance under water deficit conditions. In contrast, irrigation with biologically treated wastewater resulted in a clearer and more regular protein pattern, reflecting stable gene expression and improved metabolic efficiency. This improvement may be attributed to the balanced nutrient content and reduced osmotic and oxidative stress associated with treated wastewater. Overall, the findings suggest that irrigation treatments directly influence molecular reprogramming in date palm, and that the use of biologically treated wastewater represents a sustainable irrigation strategy capable of enhancing growth performance and drought tolerance under arid and semi-arid conditions.
Effect of stocking densities in floating cages on growth indicators and chemical composition of common carp muscles Cyprinus carpio L.
The effects of different rearing densities of common carp Cyprinus carpio were studied to determine the optimal stocking density in the Euphrates River in Thi-Qar Governorate, southern Iraq, coordinates 46°18'13.09"E 31° 0'42.14"N, during a period of 180 days from October 2025 to March 2026, with an average initial weight of 65.6 g, with two replicates for each treatment. The experiment included three stocking densities: 31, 41, and 52 fish/m³ (750, 1000, and 1250 fish for treatments T1, T2, and T3, respectively). The results showed significant differences (p≤0.05) between treatments in growth indicators, with treatment T1 exhibiting the highest final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate. The highest feed conversion ratio was recorded in T3 and the lowest in T1. Fish in treatment T1 had significantly higher feed conversion efficiency than those in treatments T2 and T3, and protein efficiency ratios were significantly higher in treatment T1 compared to treatments T2 and T3. No significant differences were observed in the chemical composition of protein, moisture, ash, and carbohydrates. However, significant differences were found in fat content, which was higher in T3 compared to T1 and T2.
Stocking density, Floating cages, Common carp, Growth performance, FCR, Chemical analysis
Genetic Polymorphism of ASB15 gene and Its Relationship with Productive Performance, Growth Traits, and Skeletal Muscles in Rose 308 broiler chicken Chickens
The present study aimed to analyze the Polymorphisms of the ASB15 gene in broiler chickens and to determine the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the gene sequence, as well as their impact on the peptide chain of the ASB15 protein . This gene was selected due to its important role in regulating skeletal muscle growth and improving production traits for chickens. The study included 50 broiler chickens. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from the wing vein, and a specific fragment of the gene (exon 7, 740 bp) was amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with the following primers: forward (GGTGCTTCTGTGTTAGGATTTT) and reverse (GGCTAACGGAAAGAAG-AAAGTG) annealing temperature was 56 C, Sequencing analysis was performed by Macrogen Company (Korea) to detect genetic variations. The results revealed the presence of two point mutations, 287 A>G and 374 T>C, resulting in three genotypes at each locus. Allele frequency analysis indicated that alleles A and T were more frequent compared to the alternative alleles, suggesting their predominance in the studied population. The Chi-square test showed a deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, which may be attributed to artificial selection, environmental factors, or less sample size. Furthermore, amino acid sequence analysis demonstrated that both detected mutations were silent mutations, as they did not lead to any change in the amino acid sequence (proline and asparagine remained unchanged), indicating no direct effect on protein structure. However, this polymorphisms may influence gene expression levels, which could be reflected in growth and production traits. The study concludes that the ASB15 gene has significant potential as a molecular marker that can be utilized in genetic selection programs to improve growth traits and increase meat production in broiler chickens. It is recommended that further studies be conducted to better understand the functional effects of these mutations and their impact on gene expression. These findings also highlight the importance of integrating molecular analyses with production data in modern breeding programs. The use of molecular markers associated with growth-related genes, such as ASB15, may accelerate genetic improvement processes and enhance selection accuracy, thereby supporting sustainable and efficient poultry production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hala Hekmat, Ali Ahmed Abdulkareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Enhancing the sustainability of some Triticum aestivum L. varieties through the application of different types of nutrients
Abstract: experiment was conducted in Mosul during 2025 season. It was implemented using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 45 experimental units of 2 m² each. The experiment included two factors: the first factor involved three bread wheat varieties (Arabia, Benko, and Pharaonia), and the second factor involved the type of fertilization, which included five types (control, humic, amino acids, neutral NPK, and a mixture of fertilizers). Fertilization was applied one and a half months after germination. The experiment aimed to compare the varieties used and the types of fertilization applied to reduce use of chemical fertilization. results showed that the Arabia variety was superior in terms of number of spikes. m-2 (336.84), grain yield (3154.95 kg/ha), harvest index (41.07%), and gluten content (32.22%). While the Benko variety excelled in the number of branches (8.52), the Pharaonia variety excelled in plant height (134.84 cm), flag leaf area (35.98 cm²), and number of spikes. m-2 (113.95), and biological yield (13308.3 kg. ha⁻¹). Regarding fertilization, the mixed fertilizer treatment was superior in all studied traits. In a two-way interaction, the Arabiya variety, under the mixed fertilizer treatment, excelled in grain yield and number of spikes m⁻².
sustainability, Triticum aestivum L, nutrients, humic Fertilization, amino acids
Copyright (c) 2026 wadhah AL-Dahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Bioaccumulation Study of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in the Waters of the Main Drain River Using Nile Tilapia Oreochromis aureus as Bioindicators of Pollution in Al-Nasiriyah City
Bioaccumulation of cadmium, copper, and zinc in the waters of the Main Drain River in Thi-QarProvince was assessed using Nile tilapia, Oreochromis aureus, as a bioindicator, alongside analysis of the physical and chemical parameters affecting water quality. The results revealed marked seasonal variation in environmental factors. Water temperature ranged from 17.3 to 27 °C which inversely influenced dissolved oxygen concentrations that varied between 7.8 and 10.8 mg/L, with the highest values recorded during the colder months. The pH values ranged from neutral to slightly alkaline 7.07–8.5 which is suitable for fish growth. Turbidity total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity showed elevated levels in certain months, reflecting the influence of agricultural drainage water and waste discharge on water quality. Concentrations of cadmium and copper showed seasonal fluctuations, with the highest levels occurring during months influenced by agricultural and industrial activities, whereas zinc remained relatively stable. Cadmium poses the greatest risk due to its high toxicity even at low concentrations, while copper and zinc are essential at trace levels but become toxic at elevated concentrations. The results indicate that Nile tilapia serve as an effective bioindicator for monitoring heavy metal pollution due to their capacity for bioaccumulation. The data also point to significant environmental pressure in the Main Drain River resulting from human activities. It is recommended to strengthen regular monitoring and reduce untreated discharges to preserve aquatic ecosystems and support the sustainability of fish farming.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maryam Waleed Jabbar, Kamil Kadimim Fahad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Impacts of Rural Tourism on local community: Resident’s Perspectives in the Halabja Governorate
Rural tourism has experienced considerable growth in recent decades and has become a key element in local development plans and global tourism trends. Usually, is important for diversifying the economies of rural areas, for revitalizing communities, and for the conservation of natural and cultural heritage. The current research is an exploration of The Impacts of Rural Tourism on local community from the residents' perspectives in the Halabja Governorate in KRI. This study was done by distributing a questionnaire among 100 residents in the study region. The results obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis, including means, percentages, and frequencies. The results of this study illustrate some of the socio-demographic characteristics of research participants; They were mostly male with middle-age lifespans, married, and educated mostly. As per mean measures, those perspectives that have been deemed to be the most positive towards impacts of rural tourism have been observed to be linked more with economic and social dimensions, whereas environmental aspects have had the least influence among all the others. From all that was said above, it can be concluded that rural tourism has brought positive impacts on the socio-economic, and environmental aspect of the rural residents. The researcher recommends that the local government in Halabja must formulate specific policies for rural tourism management to assess its impacts, implement protective rules for natural resources and the environment, and develop tourism programs benefiting local residents and entrepreneurs for enduring sustainability.
Rural Tourism, Tourism Impact, Community Development.
Copyright (c) 2026 bekhal Qasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Enhancing the sustainability of tomato production and achieving food security through the interaction between organic and inorganic fertilization in improving soil properties under heat stress conditions
as global warming continues to affect agriculture in areas with high levels of temperature and poor soil quality, it has become increasingly important to develop methods that will improve our ability to efficiently produce crops. One of these crops, tomatoes, have been found to be significantly impacted by temperature and soil quality. Therefore, the goal of this research project is to assess how combining organic and inorganic fertilizer application may enhance soil qualities, and therefore contribute to enhanced tomato crop production when subjected to heat stress. Tomato plants were grown at varying combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers. All of the fertilizer combinations were applied alone or in combination to achieve an adequate amount of fertilizer needed based upon the characteristics of each treatment. Each treatment was evaluated utilizing an appropriate experimental design based upon the existing conditions. Soil and plant evaluations were performed. Physical/chemical soil attributes (i.e., organic matter percentage, saturated hydraulic conductivity (field capacity), and electrical conductivity) were measured, as well as a number of vegetative and productive growth indicators (i.e., plant height, fruit number per plant, and total fruit yield). Fertilizer applications using both organic and inorganic sources resulted in significantly better soil structural properties and higher water retention capacities compared to either source used alone. Organic and inorganic fertilizer applications also reduced the detrimental impacts of heat stress on tomato plants and improved overall vegetative and reproductive plant development. The use of these fertilizer treatments also increased nutrient use efficiency and decreased nutrient losses from the soil. Thus, they provide a means to enhance sustainability of agricultural systems. These findings indicate that developing combined organic/inorganic fertilizer application systems could represent a viable method for maintaining consistent yields through time of high-quality tomatoes produced via sustainable means. The results support the trend toward applying organic and inorganic fertilizers together as a practical solution to sustainably maintain long term improvements in soil fertility, which can lead to enhanced food security.
organic fertilization, soil properties, tomato crop, heat stress, agricultural sustainability, food security.
Copyright (c) 2026 ALYAA HUSSIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Investigating the physiological Impact of Fenugreek Extraction on Gene Expression of Bcl-2 and p53 in Cadmium-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Rats
This study examined the protective and therapeutic effects of the fenugreek (trigonella Pheenum-grace) supplementation against cadmium-inspired testicular injury in male Vistarmus. Led adult male mice were divided into four groups: control, cadmium vigor (CD), pre-propellactic methi and under the cadmium exposure (pre-FG+CD) and cadmium exposure (CD+post-FG) after medical methi. Kadmium chloride (5 mg/kg body weight) was administered for two weeks, while the Methi supplement (5% weight/weight) was given during the 8-week experimental period in the diet or during the post-exposure phase (weeks 4-8). Cadmium exposure reduced the body and testicular weight and increased oxidative stress by increasing the level of freight slide (MDA) and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, Cat, GPX). Jean-expression analysis revealed the significant decline of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 genes and an upgrade of the Pro-APPTIC P53 gene in the cadmium-powerful group. Prophylactic method supplements showed better protective effects than medical intervention, which significantly increases cadmium -induced changes in oxidative stress parameters and gene expression profiles. These findings suggest that Methi-Supplements, especially when administered, intensely administered, can provide protection against cadmium-inspired textile damage by reducing oxidative stress and changing the apoptic routes with potential implications for male reproductive health.
Fenugreek, Bcl-2, p53, Cadmium, SOD, CAT, GPx and MDA.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nidaa Shtaiwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Epidemiology Investigation and Morphological Identification of Otodectes cynotis in Dogs at Baghdad City/Iraq
Otodectes cynotis is one of the common causes of otitis externa in companion animals; however, current epidemiological data are still rare in Iraqi pet dogs. The objective of this study was to determine the morphological description and prevalence of O. cynotis on privately owned dogs in Baghdad city, and to assess the relative risk factors involved. One hundred and eighty samples of dog ear wax were obtained from dogs taken to veterinary clinics during the period from November 2025 to April 2026. Microscopic observations were made from specimens to find and identify the developmental forms of mites. Morphological analysis established eggs, larvae, nymphs and adult mites indicating active life-cycle completion within the host. Diagnosis was based on smooth oval eggs, three-legged larvae, four-legged nymphs and sexually dimorphic adults with species-specific pedicel structure in females and a unique copulatory structure in males. The general prevalence was 26.11% (47/180). Age and body condition were associated significantly with infestation, which was most prevalent in dogs less than 6 months to 1 year of age and dogs that were in unhealthy body conditions. Sex, months and housing category did not significantly associate. The dogs that receiving regular viral vaccination and deworming showed a much lower infestation, than the non-medicated animals. The results reflect O. cynotis still as a clinically important ectoparasite in dogs from Baghdad city population. Combinations that include a young age, unhealthy body condition, and absent organized preventive care are significant predisposing factors.
Otodectes cynotis, Ear mite, Otoacariasis, Canine, Otitis externa
Copyright (c) 2026 Sala ali, Azhar Ali Faraj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Review: The State of Agricultural Extension in Iraq and the Challenges It Faces in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
The agricultural sector in Iraq is one of the pillars of the national economy, given its vital role in promoting food security and providing employment opportunities, particularly in rural areas that rely primarily on agriculture as a source of income. Despite Iraq’s vast agricultural resources, such as fertile land and water resources represented by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, this sector has experienced a significant decline in recent decades as a result of successive wars. Climate change, deteriorating infrastructure, and weak agricultural policies have also led the agricultural sector to face serious environmental challenges, most notably water scarcity, rising soil salinity, and desertification, which have directly impacted agricultural production and the efficient use of natural resources. These challenges have contributed to a decline in domestic production and increased reliance on imports to meet food demand.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ihsan Hassuny https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of Chitosan Seed Priming on Phenological and Vegetative Growth Traits of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Varieties under Field Conditions
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the Research Station, Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, during the 2025 autumn season to evaluate the effect of chitosan seed soaking on vegetative growth and phenological traits of seven sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) varieties. The experiment included two factors: chitosan concentrations (0 and 200 mg L⁻¹) and seven varieties, arranged in a factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were analyzed using SAS software, and treatment means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. Results showed that chitosan significantly improved both vegetative and phenological traits compared to the control. Seed soaking reduced the number of days from planting to 50% flowering and from flowering to physiological maturity by 3.7% and 6.05%, respectively. It also increased plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area by 10–20%, 8–15%, and 12–25%, respectively. Significant differences were observed among varieties. The Lilo variety recorded the lowest days to flowering (68.77 days) and maturity (30.61 days), while Giza and Lilo produced the highest plant height and leaf number. Significant interaction effects indicated variable varietal responses to chitosan. These findings confirm the effectiveness of chitosan as a seed priming agent to enhance sorghum growth under field conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dania Salman Qahraman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Molecular detection of Giardia duodenalis in human and dogs
Study was used routine diagnosis & molecular detection of Giardia duodenalis in human and dog, 100 samples were taken from humans and 100 from dog. where 7% infected samples were found in humans and 13% infected samples were found in dog after examining it under a microscope, the flotation method was also use and stain with iodine (2-5%) lugols solution and Giemsa stain and use PCR maker genes TPI and SSU-rRna and sequencing genetic analysis. Concluded PCR is better technique for detecting giardia from lab culture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Khalid Al-khalidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pathological study of pyocyanin that Extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa that isolated from human with otitis.
Abstract This study 100 samples were taken from the ear of a person infected with otitis and the positive isolation rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 26%, where samples were taken from males (45 cases), the positive was 9 infected samples (20%), and samples were taken from women (55 cases), the result was for 17 infected samples (30.9%). The isolation rate in adults was 34.28% and in children 6.6%, where the isolation was carried out using Cetrimide Media, MacConkey, and Blood Agar and was confirmed by biochemical tests and vitek 2system. Due to the importance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pyocyanin dye was extracted and It was injected into mice in different concentrations 50µg, 100µg, 150µg and 200µg and the mice were killed after two weeks of injection and the effects of histological pathology show a dense gathering of inflammatory cells in the organs (kidney, liver and lung) in all groups in addition to damage to the renal tubules.and in the lung of groups 150 and 200, severe fibrosis was observed as a result of cystic fibrosis due to pyocyanin.
Keywords are typically one- to three-word phrases that are used to indicate the main topics of a submission.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Razzaq Zghair, Ruwaida khalid frayyeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Study of Body Weight and Milk Traits in Two Local Goat Breeds-Sulaimani Governorate, Iraq
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of some factors on birth weight (BW), 30, 60, weaning weight (WW),120, 150 days, total daily gain (TDG), pre- and post-weaning, daily milk yield (DMY), total milk yield (TMY), and milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, SNF, and total solids). A 51 does in two flocks used. The fixed effects were doe age, kid sex, and birth type, generally had no significant effects on most body weight and milk traits in both breeds. The month of kidding showed significant effects (P ≤ 0.05) on BW, weight at (30,60, WW, and 150 days), TDG, post-weaning, DMY, and some milk components in Black doe. In contrast, the lactation stage showed significant effects (P ≤ 0.05) on DMY, TMY, and certain milk composition traits. Overall, milk composition remained relatively stable compared to milk yield. Maraz goats were more sensitive to these factors than Black goats. These results indicate that management practices exert a greater immediate influence, whereas genetic selection appears to have a comparatively limited effect under the prevailing conditions
Copyright (c) 2026 Elham Taha Hamaziad, Karwan Muhammad Hama Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluating the effect of adding different levels of nano-silica to the diets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings and its impact on growth performance and feed conversion efficiency
This study aimed to show the effect of adding different levels of silica nanoparticles to the diets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings on performance of growth and feed utilization efficiency. The experiment was conducted over sixty days using three dietary treatments: diets containing 32% raw protein protein and supplemented with three levels of silica nanoparticles (0, 2, and 4 mg/kg feed). Healthy fingerlings with an average initial weight of (25±5 g) were used and randomly dispersed into 6 identical tanks (two tanks per treatment) in a semi-closed aquatic system under a completely randomized design. The results showed a significant enhancement (P<0.05) in growth indicators at the 2 mg/kg feed supplementation level. This treatment recorded the highest values for weight gain. specific growth rate, and feed utilization efficiency compared to the other treatments. As opposed to the highest level of nano-silica ( 4 mg/kg feed ) resulted in decreased performance, suggesting that greater doses may have negative physiological effects that decrease feed utilization. Improved performance was also associated with a significant increase in the apparent protein digestibility coefficient at a level of 2 mg/kg feed. The study concludes that supplementing common carp diets with nano-silica at a level of 2 mg/kg feed represents the optimal level for improving growth and feed conversion efficiency without causing physiological stress.
Keywords: Nano-silica, common carp, growth, feed conversion efficiency, aquaculture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Abd Alkreem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Operation-Level Prediction of Tractor Productivity and Fuel Consumption in Vineyard Operations
Precise prediction of tractor operational output and fuel use is important for machinery management and sustainable agricultural operations. This study evaluated whether operation-level CAN-Bus and GNSS summaries can support tractor-agnostic prediction of effective field capacity and fuel consumption per unit area in vineyard operations. An open vineyard tractor telemetry dataset was used, with two targets: HectaresPerH and LitersPerHa. Three predictive approaches were compared: an activity-mean baseline, Ridge regression, and Histogram-based Gradient Boosting Regression. Model performance was evaluated using leave-one-tractor-out validation with nested hyperparameter tuning, allowing the assessment of transferability to unseen tractors. For HectaresPerH, the activity-mean baseline, Ridge, and HGBR produced very similar pooled performance, with the baseline slightly strongest by RMSE and R2. This indicates that tractor productivity at the operation-summary level was largely captured by activity context. For LitersPerHa, both machine-learning models improved over the baseline, and HGBR achieved the best pooled performance, although the improvement was modest. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests on fold-wise RMSE did not show statistically significant differences between the main model comparisons. Activity-level error analysis showed that predictive difficulty varied across vineyard tasks. The findings indicate that CAN-derived operation summaries contain useful predictive signal, but simple operational baselines remain important. The main contribution of the study is a realistic unseen-tractor evaluation framework.
CAN-Bus telemetry; field capacity; fuel consumption; tractor performance; vineyard operations
Copyright (c) 2026 Rawaz Jalal Hama Ali, Fawzy Faidhullah Khurshid, Adnan Fattah Khalid , Shaee Ghareeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
RGB Image-Based Proxy Assessment of Soil Inversion, Fragmentation, and Surface Structural Roughness After Three-Body Mouldboard Ploughing: A Pilot Study
This pilot study developed and tested a low-cost RGB image-processing workflow for assessing post-plough soil surface condition after three-body mouldboard ploughing. The study focused on deriving image-based proxy indicators of visible vegetation exposure, relative clod-size distribution, and surface structural roughness. Ten field images were captured at the College of Agricultural Engineering, Bakrajo, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, using a Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra smartphone camera. Visible vegetation exposure was estimated using HSV color segmentation. Soil clod features were extracted using grayscale conversion, Gaussian smoothing, Canny edge detection, and contour analysis. Surface structural roughness was estimated using an edge-density index. Results showed a mean visible vegetation exposure of approximately 1.96%, suggesting effective apparent soil inversion within the analyzed images. The mean image-derived median clod diameter was approximately 17.06 pixels, with relative clod classes dominated by fine and medium categories. The mean edge-density roughness index was approximately 0.301, indicating a highly textured post-plough surface typical of primary tillage. The proposed workflow should be interpreted as a comparative proxy-assessment method rather than a replacement for calibrated physical measurements such as sieve analysis, profilometry, LiDAR, or photogrammetric 3D reconstruction. The study demonstrates the potential of simple RGB imagery for rapid field-level tillage assessment and provides a foundation for future calibrated validation and low-cost drone-based monitoring.
moldboard plough, RGB image processing, soil inversion, tillage assessment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rawaz Jalal Hama Ali, Fawzy Faidhullah Khurshid, shaee adeeb ghareeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Genetic Diversity & Sequences Analysis for Cyprinus carpio L., in IRAQ
The common carp, Cyprinus carpio, is of very importance to the economy of our country. In this study, the cyt B fragment was chosen to measure the genetic diversity of 30 individuals of the common carp. These fish were caught from one of the fish farms in the Nasiriyah city, they were similar in appearance to wild carp. The length of the selected cyt B gene fragment was 581 bp. A sequencing analysis was conducted by the Korean company Macrogen, A Tools and software were used to analyze the results of the cyt B sequences. The results of the molecular analysis indicated that the number of mutations in the Cyt B gene sequences in our current study reached 9 mutations, resulting in the formation of 3 haplotypes. The importance of gene diversity in haplotypes, Hd, was recorded as 0.43, while the value of Nucleotide diversity (per site), Pi: 0.00564, was evident from According to the results, the molecular variation AMOVA for the Cyt B gene of common carp fish within the population groups is greater and this is due to the fact that all individuals of these groups belong to the same mother, which makes the variation between the population groups less than the variation within them. The neutrality test's findings revealed that the value of Tajima's D for the Cyt B gene for the local common carp fish was a positive value and was 0.692112. As for the fish of the United States and China, it recorded a negative result of - 0.93302 and - 0.49083. As for the statistical values ​​of Fu's Fs, it was a positive result for both the local Iraqi fish and the American and Chinese fish, and the result was Fu's Fs. 0.9830, 0.25500 and 0.36300 respectively.The results of the network of haplotypes that were designed using Network V.10.2 software indicated that the sequences of the cyt B gene of the local carp fish were distributed into three individual haplotypes that were independent from the main haplotypes belonging to the sequences of Chinese fish. The Chinese sequences of the cyt B gene took 7 independent haplotypes and participated in the ninth haplotype is found in Russian fish, Taiwanese fish, and some American fish sequences are independent haplotypes derived from Chinese sequences. These results are similar to the results of the phylogenetic tree when comparing the sequences of the original study with reference copies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nawar Al-Saeedi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The combined use of biochar and silica nanoparticles contributes to improved wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in saline-affected soils.
This field research was conducted during the 2024-2025 growing season at the research station of the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The experiment included 12 treatments resulting from the interaction of four levels of silica nanoparticles (0, 200, 300, and 400 kg/ha, respectively) with three levels of locally produced biochar made from wheat straw residue (0, 20, and 30 t/ha, respectively). The wheat variety "Research 22" was used in this experiment. The results showed a positive effect of the interaction between biochar and nano-silica on wheat growth indicators. The treatment (30 t ha⁻¹ of biochar + 400 kg ha⁻¹ of nano-silica) achieved the highest values for dry straw weight (21.26 t ha⁻¹), plant height (134.33 cm),chlorophyll (74.37mg g-1)and total wheat yield (14.86 t ha⁻¹) compared to the, control treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Al-Huda H. L. Al-Asadi, Salwa J. Fakher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sustainable Green Treatment of Potable Water Utilizing Micronized Moringa oleifera Seed Powder
Moringa oleifera, Green Treatment, Seed Powder, MBC, MIC
Copyright (c) 2026 Alham A. A. Hasson, Nagham AbdulRazaq Mshemish, Mohammed Moayyad Mohammed Rushdy, Ansam Raheem Mahmood, NAGHAM MAHMOOD LATEEF https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Molecular detection of Salmonella bacteria in laying hens using Real-Time PCR and its impact on productive traits
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. Within the laying hen flocks, using a Real-time PCR reaction that affects the invA gene, in addition to studying the morphological and internal characteristics of deformed eggs compared to normal eggs, 100 blood samples were collected from the laying hens, and the PCR results showed that 55% of the flock were infected with Salmonella bacteria, indicating the spread of the disease. Also, 100 egg samples were analyzed, including 75 deformed eggs and 25 normal eggs. Its external and internal characteristics were analyzed, and the results were presented using descriptive statistics and t-test analysis. The analysis showed that the differences between deformed and normal eggs were statistically significant with respect to egg length, egg width, shell thickness, and yolk weight (P ≥ 0.001), while the differences in egg weight and albumen weight were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). These results highlight the importance of using molecular polymerase chain reaction for the rapid detection of infected cases and highlight the potential impact of infection on egg quality. The research concluded that there is a widespread prevalence of the disease in laying hen farms, emphasizing the need to conduct periodic infection and egg quality checks in order to improve
Salmonella spp-InvA gene-Real-Time PCR-Layer chickens-Egg quality
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Riyadh Witan, Abbas Dakheel Muta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessment of Unconventional Water HarvestingTechniques to Address Climate Challenges in Some North African and Middle Eastern Countries
This study focuses on unconventional water harvesting techniques in five countries that suffer from water scarcity: Egypt, Ethiopia, Jordan Libya, and Sudan. Unconventional techniques have presented a very good paradigm with which to respond to environmental and economic challenges; thus, they have been classified as innovative and traditional methods. MOFs Metal-Organic Frameworks-based newly developed methodologies were able to extract approximately 2.4 liters per day in Jordan. An atmospheric state provides daily intakes between 10-500 liters brought by the fog nets. Surface water harvesting methods like earth ponds and sand dams supply between 1,000 and 5,000 liters per day in Egypt. Libya gets an adequate daily intake of up to 525,680,000 liters from desalination since it heavily depends on this particular method for its water needs. It produces between 50 and 200 liters per day through urban rooftop rainwater harvesting.The results of this study emphasize that Additional benefits from applying techniques that are considered traditional along with modern technologies are achieved when they work together to provide water security and responses to climate change. Sustainability initiatives will include improvements in current water management methods, and increasing investment in research and development, all leading to the ability to meet the increasing demand for water within the communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Forqan Khalid Al-Daraji, GIS Engineer Dates Metron LLP, Salah Uddin Ahmed Dipu, Eyoel Yigletu Aybehone https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Genetic Variation of POU1F1 gene and Its Effect on Milk yields and Some Traits in Cyprus Goats
main goal of this study is to diagnose the polymorphisms of POU1F1 in Cyprus goats and its influence on some of their economic traits. In the current study goats belonging to the ruminant research station and living under the same condition. 75 goats were tested in this experiment. polymorphism was diagnosed using the polymerase chain reaction- single strand conformation polymorphism technique and Sanger sequencing to identify the variations in the animals. genotype and allele frequencies were done by POPGENE32. In this study, two alleles A and G with the frequencies 0.57 and 0.43 respectively, three genotypes GG, insA, and GA. The Frequencies of these genotypes were 0.21, 0.36, and 0.43 respectively. insA was significantly superior in the milk yield at a significance level of 0.05 in average daily milk, insA genotype showed a high value in this trait, 989, whereas GG and GA showed 875 and 859 g/day, respectively. On the other hand, some of the characteristics in milk yield demonstrated no differences between animals. From results, it is concluded that the POU1F1 influences milk yield in goats. Therefore, this gene could be considered a candidate to enhance the programs of farm animals and increase the income for these projects.
Goats, PCR-SSCP, Polymorphism, Transcription factor.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhiaa Sabah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0