Record of Alternaria tenuissima as a causal pathogen of Leaf Spots in Chard Plant in Basrah, Iraq, and It’s In vitro Management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54174/utjagr.v12i2.292Keywords:
Alternaria tenuissma, Trichoderma harzianum ,Chard plant ,leaf spot diseaseAbstract
The chard plant is an important vegetable crop, thus this study aimed to isolate and identify Alternaria tenuissima and efficiency evaluation of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus suppression against A. tenuissima. T. harzianum demonstrated its ability to inhibit the A.tenuissima by 63.8%. Also, it reduced the leaf spot number to 0.39 cm/leaf compared to the control that scored 2.19 cm/leaf. The T. harzianum increased the leaves and root weight, followed by P fluorescens treatment. This is considered the first recorded in Basra, Iraq.
Downloads
References
Barakat,M.R.;AL-Mahareeq F.; Ali-Shtayeh,M.and AL-Masri ,M.(2007).Biological Control of Rhizoctonia solani by Indigenous Trichoderma spp. Isolates from Palestine. Hebron University Research Journal.Vol.(3), No.(1), pp.(1 – 15).
Benhamou,N.and Chet,I.(1993).Hyphal interactions between Trichoderma harzianum and Rhizoctonia solani:Ultrastructure and gold cytochemistryofthemy .coparasitic process. Phytopathology 83:1062-107. DOI:10.1094/PHYTO-83-1062.
De Meyer, G., Bigirimana, J., Elad, Y. et al. Induced systemic resistance in Trichoderma harzianum T39 biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea. European Journal of Plant Pathology 104, 279–286 (1998) . https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008628806616.
Dewan,M.M.(1989).Identity and frequency of occurrence of fungi in root s of wheat and ryegrass and their effect on _take-all of whaet and host growth. .Ph.D.Thesis. University WesternAustralia,210pp doi: 10.33899/magrj.2010.36223.
Dwivedi, D., & Johri, B. N . (2003) . Antifungals from fluorescent pseudomonads: Biosynthesis and regulation. Current Science, 85(12), 1693–1703. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24109974.
Ellis, M.B. (1971) Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 608.
Fernández, R. L., Rivera, M. C., Varsallona, B., & Wright, E. R. (2015). Disease prevalence and symptoms caused by Alternaria tenuissima and Pestalotiopsis guepinii on blueberry in Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires, Argentina. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(19), 3082.
Ghisalberti, E. L., Narbey, M. J., Dewan, M. M., & Sivasithamparam, K. (1990). Variability among strains of Trichoderma harzianum in their ability to reduce take-all and to produce pyrones. Plant and Soil. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00012323.
Harman, G. E.; Howell, C. R.; Viterbo, A.; Chet, I. and Lorito, M. (2004). Trichoderma species-opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2: 43-56.
Hassan Taha, K. (2010). New biotype of Trichoderma spp effective in production of some plant growth regulators. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, 38(0), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.06.004
Khan, M. F. RHaque, .; M. E. ; Bloomquist,M.; Bhuiyan, M. Z. R. ; Brueggeman,R.; Zhong,S.; Sharma Poudel,R.; Gross,T.; Hakk,P.; Leng,Y. and Y. Liu.(2020). First Report of Alternaria Leaf Spot Caused by Alternaria tenuissima on Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris) in Minnesota, U.S.A. Plant Disease .104:2, 580-580. https://doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2011.023.036.
Khan, M.F.R., Windels, C.E. & Bradley, C.A. (2018 ).Comparison of Cercospora and bacterial leaf spots on sugar beet North Dakota State University Extension Service. https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/comparison-of-cercospora- and-bacterial-leafspots-on-sugar-beet.
Leroux, P., Fritz, R., Debieu, D., Albertini, C., Lanen, C., Bach,J., Gredt, M.Chapeland, F. (2002).Mechanisms of resistance to fungicides in field strains of Botrytis cinerea. Pest Management Science, 58: 876-888.
Leslie,J.F;and B.A.summerell(2006).The Fusarium Laboratory manual.388pp. ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-1919-8.
López-Bucio, J., Pelagio-Flores, R., & Herrera-Estrella, A. (2015). Trichoderma asbiostimulant: exploiting the multilevel properties of a plant beneficial fungus. Scientia horticulturae, 196, 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.08.043
Manea, Alaa O., Mohammed A. Fayyadh, and Yehya A. Salih. "Efficiency Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles in the Controlling of the Fungi Associated with the Date Palm Offshoots." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 60.3 (2023).
Nasehi, A.; Kadir, J. B.; Abidin, M. A. Zainal; Wong, M. Y.; Mahmodi, F. (2012). "First Report of Alternaria tenuissima Causing Leaf Spot on Eggplant in Malaysia". Plant Disease. 96 (8): 1226. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-12-0237-PDN
Ninfali, P., & Angelino, D. (2013). Nutritional and functional potential of Beta vulgaris cicla and rubra. Fitoterapia, 89, 188-199.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.06.004.
Prasad, R., Kamal, S., Sharma, P. K., Oelmüller, R., & Varma, A. (2013). Root endophyte Piriformospora indica DSM 11827 alters plant morphology, enhances biomass and antioxidant activity of medicinal plant Bacopa monniera. Journal of basic microbiology, 53(12), 1016-1024.
Qualhato, T.F.; Lopes, F.A.C.; Steindorff; A.S. Brandão,R.S.; Jesuino,R.S.A and Ulhoa,C.J. (2013). Mycoparasitism studies of Trichoderma species against three phytopathogenic fungi: evaluation of antagonism and hydrolytic enzyme production. Biotechnol Lett 35, 1461–1468 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-013-1225-3.
Singh,A. and Islam,M.N.(2010). In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma spp. Against Phytophthora nicotianae. Int. J. Expt. Agric. 1(1):20-25.
Sun X, Wang C, Gao X, Wu X, Fu Y.(2023). Characterization of Alternaria Species Associated with Black Spot of Strawberry in Dandong, China. Agronomy.; 13(4):1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041014.
Tarini, N.M.A.; Wahid, M.H.; Ibrahim, F.; Yasmon, A.; Djauzi, S.(2010). Development of multiplex-PCR assay for rapid detection of Candida spp. Med. J. Indones. 19, 83–87.
Thomashow L .S. and Weller D. M.(1996). Current concepts in the use of introduced bacteria for biological disease control: mechanisms and antifungal metabolites. In: Stacey G, Keen N T, editors. Plant-microbe interactions. Vol. 1. New York, N.Y: Chapman and Hall;. pp. 187–235.
Voisard,C;Kell,C;Hass, D.And Defago,G;(1989).Cyanide production by pseudomonas fluorescence helps suppers black rot of tobacco under gnotobiotic conditions .EMBO .J;8:351-35. DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03384.x.
Woudenberg, J. H. C., Groenewald, J. Z., Binder, M., & Crous, P. W. (2013). Alternaria redefined. Studies in mycology, 75(1), 171-212., https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0015
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Alaa O. Manea, Anna D.khamas, Mohammed A.Fayyadh, Hajra Azeem
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1.png){kind=spacer}
