Studying the effect of the genotypes of the GH gene on blood parameters and some structural characteristics of Iraqi buffalo milk

  • Meitham K, Ali AL-Galiby
  • Mazen Majed Malbas Al-Hasnawi

Abstract

The samples of this study were collected from the private fields of buffalo breeders in the Al-Tar district of Dhi Qar Governorate / Karma Bani Said district, where 50 samples of milking female buffaloes were used in the experiment, with ages ranging from (2-3 years), this study was conducted in the laboratories of the College Agriculture and Marshes Department of Animal Production for the period from 15/11/2021 to 30/5/2022 with the aim of diagnosing the genetic morphology of the growth hormone gene in Iraqi buffaloes and its relationship to blood parameters and some characteristics of milk composition. Where the blood parameters measurements included the number of red blood cells, the number of white blood cells, the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood and the volume of the aggregated cells. As for the measurement of milk components, it included protein percentage, lactose sugar percentage, fat percentage, percentage of non-fat solids, milk density, freezing point, ash percentage and water percentage. Then DNA was extracted from animal blood samples in the Molecular Genetics Laboratory of For the Marshes Research Center / Dhi Qar University, the primer of the growth hormone gene was amplified and then the genotypes in the growth hormone gene were determined using (PCR) technique by electrophoresis with a relay device, and then the sequence of bases was analyzed using the sanger sequencing technique. And then study the relationship between the genetic structures and the traits mentioned above.

The results of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the growth hormone gene showed the appearance of a bundle with a size of 1196 base pairs, and the appearance of two alleles, G and T, where their frequency was (0.64 and 0.36), respectively, and by three genotypes: GG, TT and GT, where the frequency of these structures reached genetic (0.60, 0.32 and 0.08), respectively. Whereas, the value of chi-square was 17.1, which indicates the mismatch of the observed and expected animals, which indicates the imbalance of the population, which was observed in the study from the genetic frequencies of the unbalanced population. A single silent mutation was also found at position 118 of the 1196-base-pair-long studied region in the non-coding region 2Intron and at site 611 of the complete gene.

The results of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the growth hormone gene showed a bundle with a size of 1196 base pairs, and the appearance of two alleles, G and T, with three genotypes: GG, TT and GT.

The appearance of a single silent mutation at position 118 of the 1196-base-pair-long studied region in the 2Intron noncoding region and at site 611 of the complete gene. The frequency of the G allele was 0.64, while the frequency of the T allele was 0.36, and the frequency of the genotypes GG, TT and GT was (0.60, 0.32 and 0.08), respectively. Whereas, the value of chi-square was 17.1, which indicates the mismatch of the observed and expected animals, which indicates the imbalance of the population, which was observed in the study from the genetic frequencies of the unbalanced population. Through the obtained results, it was found that the red blood cells, the hemoglobin percentage and the volume of the compacted cells were not affected by the genotypes, as the highest value of the red blood cells was recorded by the GT genotype, which was (7.11 ± 0.69) * 106 cells/ml. Whereas, the GG genotype recorded the highest value for both hemoglobin and the volume of packed blood cells (13.022 ± 2.076) g/dL and (40.07 ± 6.23)%, respectively. As for white blood cells, they were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by genotypes, where the GT genotype was superior to the two genotypes GG and TT, and its value was (a 9.225 ± 0.317) * 103 cells/ml.

Also, the composition of milk was not affected by the different genotypes of the growth hormone gene, where the highest value of the degree of freezing and milk density was recorded by the GT genotype, as its value was (0.430 ± 0.025) m5 and (27.400 ± 2.540) g/cm3, respectively. While the GG genotype recorded the highest value for lactose, protein and non-fat solids (5.180 ± 1.302, 3.398 ± 0.141 and 18.138 ± 2.322)%, respectively. As for the percentage of fat, ash and water, the highest value was recorded in the TT genotype (7.608 ± 2.027, 2.596 ± 0.284 and 81.868 ± 1.531) %, respectively.

References

1. Akers RM. Major advances associated with hormone and growth factor regulation of mammary growth and lactation in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2006;89:1222–34
2. Al-Ghalbi, Osama Ibrahim Mahdi (2020). Studying the relationship between some genetic markers BM1706, ETH003 and (ETH02) and the productive and physiological performance of Iraqi buffaloes.
3. Ali, Manal Ali Ahmed. (2011). The effect of using some antibiotics on the effectiveness of some rumen microorganisms in Arabian sheep. Master Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Basra.
4. Andreas E, Sumantri C, Nuraini H, Farajallah A, Anggraeni A. Identification of GH| AluI and GHR| AluI genes polymorphisms in Indonesian Buffalo. J Indonesian Trop Anim Agric 2010; 35(4):215-21.
5. Dacie, J. V. and Lewis, S. M. (1974). Practical Haematology. 5th ed. The English Language Book. Soc., London.
6. Dario C. , D. Cornicella, F.Ciotola, V. Peretti , G. Bufano (2008). Polymorphism of Growth Hormone GH1-AluI in Jersey Cows and Its Effect on Milk Yield and Composition. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2008;21(1): 1-5.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.60586
7. Davis AN, Myers WA, Chang C, Tate BN, Rico JE, Moniruzzaman M, Haughey NJ, McFadden JW. Somatotropin increases plasma ceramide in relation to enhanced milk yield in cows. DomestAnim Endocrinol 2021;74:106480.
8. El-Komy, S.M.; Saleh, A.A.; Abd El-Aziz, R.M.; El-Magd, M.A. (2021). Association of GH polymorphisms with growth traits in buffaloes. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 74(), 106541–. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106541
9. Herrington J, Carter-Su C. Signaling path ways activated by the growth hormone receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2001;12:252– 7.
10. Hussain D. Molecular Characterization of Some Productivity Triats in Mesopotamian Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Eur J Mol Biotechnol 2015; 8(2):80-7.
11. Jaayid , T. A. and Drag, M. A. 2013. Genetic diversity in buffalo population of Iraq using microsatellites markers. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A 3: 297-301.
12. John, V. D. and Lewis, S. M. (1984). Basic Hematological Techniques, Practical hematology, 6th (ed.) 22-45.
13. Katoh K, Kouno S, Okazaki A, Suzuki K, Obara Y. Interaction of gh polymorphism with body weight and endocrine functions in Japanese black calves. DomestAnim Endocrinol 2008;34:25–30.
14. Konca , Mehmet Akif; Akyüz, Bilal (2016). Investigation of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone, Growth Hormone and Prolactin Hormone Gene Polymorphism in Anatolian Water Buffalo. Annals of Animal Science, 17(4), –. doi:10.1515/aoas-2016-0100
15. Makhlouf A , Abd El-Hady A.M , Abdel-Rahman ͣS.M and El-Raffa A.M (2017). Analysis of rabbit growth hormone gene polymorphisms to evaluate its impact on live body weight, hemato and biochemical parameters . Arab J. Biotech., Vol. 20, No. (2) July (2017):77-90
16. Mondal M, Prakash BS. Changes in plasma growth hormone (GH) and secretion patterns of GH and luteinizing hormone in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during growth. Endocr Res 2004; 30:301–313
17. Njidda, A.A.; Igwebuike, J.U. and Isidahomen, C.E. (2006). Haematological parameters and carcass characteristics of weaning rabbits fed grade levels of molasses. Global Journal of Agriculture Science, 5: 167-172.
18. Othman O, Abdel-Samad M, Abo N, Maaty E, Sewify K. Evaluation of DNA polymorphism in egyptian buffalo growth hormone and its receptor genes. J Appl Biol Sci 2012;6:37–42.
19. Rushdi, Hossam El-Din; Reda ElwanyAbdelhaleemMoghaieb; Hamdy Abdel-Shafy. and Mohamed Abd El-Aziz Mohamed Ibrahim. 2017. Association between Microsatellite Markers and Milk Production Traits in Egyptian Buffaloes. Czech Journal of Animal Science. Sci. 62 (9): 384– 391.
20. Sadeghi , M. Shahr-e-Babak, M.M., Rahimi, G., NejatiJavaremi, A.N., 2010. Association between gene polymorphism of bovine growth hormone and milk traits in the Iranian bulls. Asian J. Anim. Sci. 2(1), 1-6.
21. Saed , A. ; Seyedabadi, H. R. ; Eydivandi, C. Polymorphism in growth hormone gene of Khuzestan buffalo. Online Journal of Veterinary Research 2017 Vol.21 No.4 pp.184-188.
22. Schalm, O. W., Jain, N.C. and Carrol, E. J. (1975). Veterinary Haematology. 3rd (ed.) Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia, U.S.A.
23. T. K. Biswas , T. K. Bhattacharya*, A. D. Narayan, S. Badola, Pushpendra Kumar and Arjava Sharma (2003) . Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphism and Its Effect on Birth Weight in Cattle and Buffalo . 447382, Fax: +95-581-457284, E-mail: tarun@ivri.up.nic.in
24. Unal, EmelOzkan; M. Ihsan. Soysal; ErenYuncu; NihanDilsadDagtas. and InciTogan. 2014. Microsatellite based genetic diversity among the three water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) populations in Turkey. ArchivTierzucht 57. 8. 1-12.
25. Yogesh C. Bangar;AnkitMagotra; (2021). Meta-analysis of SNP in growth hormone gene associated with milk traits in dairy cows . Tropical Animal Health and Production, (), –. doi:10.1007/s11250-021-02670-x
Published
2022-11-03
Section
Articles